Archives

  • MNJR Volume 13 Special Issue (Theveli 2025)
    Vol. 13 No. Special Issue (2025)

    FOUNDING EDITOR
    Dr. Hassan Hameed, Former Chancellor MNU

    EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
    Dr. Mariyam Shahuneeza Naseer, MNU

    EDITORS
    Aishath Shaheen Ismail, MNU
    Dr. Aminath Zahir, MNU 
    Dr. Shuaib Rasheed, MNU

    MNJR EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
    Dr. Aishath Shehenaz Adam, MNU
    Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, MNU
    Dr. Ali Fawaz Shareef, MNU
    Dr. Barbara Adams, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA 
    Professor Wilfredo V Alangui, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of the Philippines, Philippines
    Professor Maria Cecillia Fantinato, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil 
    Professor Dr. Mohd Mizan bin Mohammad Aslam, , Department of International Relations, National Defence University of Malaysia, Malaysia 
    Professor Dr. Ainul Jaria Maidin,  Ahmed Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia
    Associate Professor Dr. Aza Sherin Binti Mohamad Yusuf, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia
    Dr. Shazla Mohamed, MNU
    Dr. Nadhiya Abdulla, MNU
    Associate Professor Sandra Trotman, Nova South Eastern University, Florida, USA 
    Professor Dr. Muhammad Azam Khan, PMAS-ARID Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    REVIEWERS OF THIS ISSUE
    Dr. Aminath Sudha, Assistant Professor, MNU
    Dr. Mohamed Umar, Assistant Professor, MNU
    Dr. Ahmed Inaz, Senior Lecturer, MNU
    Abdulla Zakariyya, Director General, Capital Market Devolopment Authority
    Abdulla Jameel, Lecturer, MNU
    Farooq Ahmed, Assistant Manager, Agro National Corporation Private Limited
    Fathimath Razeena (Independent Researcher)
    Ahmed Mohamed, CEO, Univiya Holdings
    Hawwa Fajuwa, CFO, Maldives Pension Administration Office
    Dr. Abdul Azeez Hameed, Dhamanaveshi (Health Protection Authority)
    Aminath Nihan, Learning & Development Manager, TreeTop Hospital

    TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
    Mrs. Maryam Uhaamath, Research Assistant, MNU

  • MNJR Volume 13 Issue 1
    Vol. 13 No. 1 (2025)

    FOUNDING EDITOR
    Dr. Hassan Hameed, Former Chancellor MNU

    EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
    Dr. Mariyam Shahuneeza Naseer, MNU


    EDITORS
    Dr. Aminath Riyaz, MNU 
    Aishath Shaheen Ismail, MNU
    Dr. Shuaib Rasheed, MNU


    MNJR EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
    Dr. Aishath Shehenaz Adam, MNU
    Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, MNU
    Dr. Ali Fawaz Shareef, MNU
    Dr. Barbara Adams, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA 
    Professor Wilfredo V Alangui, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of the Philippines, Philippines
    Professor Maria Cecillia Fantinato, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil 
    Professor Dr. Mohd Mizan bin Mohammad Aslam, , Department of International Relations, National Defence University of Malaysia, Malaysia 
    Professor Dr. Ainul Jaria Maidin, , Ahmed Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia
    Associate Professor Dr. Aza Sherin Binti Mohamad Yusuf, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia
    Dr. Shazla Mohamed, MNU
    Dr. Nadhiya Abdulla, MNU
    Associate Professor Sandra Trotman, Nova South Eastern University, Florida, USA 
    Professor Dr. Muhammad Azam Khan, PMAS-ARID Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    REVIEWERS OF THIS ISSUE
    Dr. Aishath Ali, Senior Lecturer, MNU
    Dr. Aishath Waheeda, DVC Academic Affairs, IUM
    Ismail Azzam Wajeeh, Project Manager, MNU
    Ibrahim Nasreen, Managing Direcor, PSM
    Dr. Aminath Shiyama, Quality Assurance Controller, MNU
    Aishath Azdha, Senior Lecturer, IUM
    Dr. Abdul Muhsin Mohamed, Faculty of Engineering, Science and Technology, MNU
    Rasheed Bari, National Convener, FANSA
    Dr. Zeenaz Hussain, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Studies, MNU
    Dr. Zakiyya Moosa, Implementation Coordinator, Maldives Polytechnic
    Fathimath Nasiha Abdul Muhaimin, Head of Center, MNU
    Dr. Ahmed Ali Jaleel, Visiting Lecturer, MNU 
    Aminath Shazly, Senior Lecturer, MNU
    Ali Shareef, Special Envoy for Climate Change, The Presidents Office
    Zeenaz Fahumee, School of Nursing, MNU
    Dr. Hassan Umar, Chief Inspector of Police, Maldives Police Service 
    Aishath Leeza, Senior Lecturer, MNU
    Aishath Sinaau, Senior Lecturer, IUM
    Hawwa Wajudha, Associate Lecturer, MNU
    Dr. Fathimath Muna, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Cities, Local Government and Public Works
    Dr. Fathimath Nazla Rafeeg (Independent Researcher)
    Dr. Ibrahim Mohamed, Environmental Social Science and Climate Change Adaptation Expert
    Michelle Ahmed (Independent Researcher)

    TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
    Mrs. Maryam Uhaamath, Research Assistant, MNU

  • MNJR Volume 12 Special Issue (Theveli 2024)
    Vol. 12 No. Special Issue (2024)

    FOUNDING EDITOR
    Dr. Hassan Hameed, Former Chancellor MNU

    EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
    Dr. Mariyam Shahuneeza Naseer, MNU


    EDITOR
    Dr. Aminath Riyaz, MNU 


    MNJR EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
    Dr. Aishath Shehenaz Adam, MNU
    Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, MNU
    Dr. Ali Fawaz Shareef, MNU
    Dr. Barbara Adams, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA 
    Professor Wilfredo V Alangui, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of the Philippines, Philippines
    Professor Maria Cecillia Fantinato, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil 
    Professor Dr. Mohd Mizan bin Mohammad Aslam, , Department of International Relations, National Defence University of Malaysia, Malaysia 
    Professor Dr. Ainul Jaria Maidin, , Ahmed Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia
    Associate Professor Dr. Aza Sherin Binti Mohamad Yusuf, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia
    Dr. Shazla Mohamed, MNU
    Dr. Nadhiya Abdulla, MNU
    Associate Professor Sandra Trotman, Nova South Eastern University, Florida,
    Professor Dr. Muhammad Azam Khan, PMAS-ARID Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    REVIEWERS OF THIS ISSUE
    Dr. Aishath Shaira, Assistant Professor, MNU
    Mohamed Rasheed, Researcher, Social Enterprise Maldives 
    Dr.Aminath Huda, Senior Lecturer MNU
    Dr. Ahmed Mohamed Saeed, General Practitioner Noosandha
    Ms. Aishath Shaheen ismail, Research Fellow, MNU
    Dr. Abdul Azeez Hameed,Senior Medical Doctor, Dhamanaveshi
    Dr. Razana Faiz, Senior Lecturer, MNU
    Ms. Asiya Abdul Raheem, Senior Dietitian, IGMH
    Ms. Shiuna Ahmed, Lecturer, MNU
    Ms. Aaidha Hammad, Lecturer, MNU
    Dr. Sheeza Ali, Dean, School of Medicine, MNU
    Dr. Mariyam Jenyfa, Public health Specialist
    Mr. Ismail Azzam Wajeeh, Project Manager, MNU
    Ms. Wadheea Thaufeeq, Senior Lecturer / HOD (Department of Environment and Natural Science), MNU
    Ms. Mariyam Rifga,  Individual Consultant
    Ms. Zeenath Shakir, Lecturer, MNU
    Ms. Fathimath Naffath Abdul Wahhab, Chairperson, Agronational Corporation
    Ms. Abdullah Jameel,Lecturer, MNU
    Ms. Mariyam Laiza 
    Mr. Farooq Ahmed 

     

    TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
    Ms. Aminath Habiyya, Senior Administrative Officer, MNU

  • MNJR Volume 12 Issue 2
    Vol. 12 No. 2 (2024)

    FOUNDING EDITOR
    Dr. Hassan Hameed, Former Chancellor MNU

    EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
    Dr. Mariyam Shahuneeza Naseer, MNU


    EDITOR
    Dr. Aminath Riyaz, MNU 


    MNJR EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
    Dr. Aishath Shehenaz Adam, MNU
    Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, MNU
    Dr. Ali Fawaz Shareef, MNU
    Dr. Barbara Adams, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA 
    Professor Wilfredo V Alangui, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of the Philippines, Philippines
    Professor Maria Cecillia Fantinato, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil 
    Professor Dr. Mohd Mizan bin Mohammad Aslam, , Department of International Relations, National Defence University of Malaysia, Malaysia 
    Professor Dr. Ainul Jaria Maidin, , Ahmed Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia
    Associate Professor Dr. Aza Sherin Binti Mohamad Yusuf, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia
    Dr. Shazla Mohamed, MNU
    Dr. Nadhiya Abdulla, MNU
    Associate Professor Sandra Trotman, Nova South Eastern University, Florida,
    Professor Dr. Muhammad Azam Khan, PMAS-ARID Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    REVIEWERS OF THIS ISSUE
    Ms. Rifaath Hassan,  Research Associate, Research Development Office, MNU
    Mr. Hassan Shuabee,Freelance Consultant
    Dr. Nadhiya Abdulla, Research Associate, Research Development Office, MNU
    Ms.  Hawwa Leesha Wisam, Author / Lecturer (freelance)
    Dr. Waseema Fikuree, Assistant Professor Feculty of Education, MNU
    Ms. Nasheeda Rasheed , Associate Lecturer, MNU Business School MNU
    Mr. Abdullah Zakariyya, Director General, Capital Market Development Authority
    Ms.  Aishath Shaheen ismail, Research Fellow, Research Development Office, MNU

     

    TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
    Ms. Aminath Habiyya, Senior Administrative Officer, MNU

  • MNJR Volume 12 Issue 1
    Vol. 12 No. 1 (2024)

    The Maldives National Journal of Research

    A double-blind refereed journal of the Maldives National University
    (c) The Maldives National Journal of Research (Print version: ISSN 2308-5959).
     
    FOUNDING EDITOR
    Dr. Hassan Hameed, Former Chancellor MNU

    EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
    Dr. Mariyam Shahuneeza Naseer, MNU

    EDITOR
    Dr. Aminath Riyaz, MNU 

    MNJR EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
    Dr. Aishath Shehenaz Adam, MNU
    Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, MNU
    Dr. Ali Fawaz Shareef, MNU
    Dr. Barbara Adams, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA 
    Professor Wilfredo V Alangui, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of the Philippines, Philippines
    Professor Maria Cecillia Fantinato, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil 
    Professor Dr. Mohd Mizan bin Mohammad Aslam, , Department of International Relations, National Defence University of Malaysia, Malaysia 
    Professor Dr. Ainul Jaria Maidin, , Ahmed Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia
    Associate Professor Dr. Aza Sherin Binti Mohamad Yusuf, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia
    Dr. Shazla Mohamed, MNU
    Dr. Nadhiya Abdulla, MNU
    Associate Professor Sandra Trotman, Nova South Eastern University, Florida,
    Professor Dr. Muhammad Azam Khan, PMAS-ARID Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    REVIEWERS OF THIS ISSUE
    Ms. Aishath Shaheen ismail,  Research Fellow, Research Development Office, MNU
    Ms. Nash’aa Ahmed Naseem, PhD Candidate, University of Auckland
    Dr. Aishath Reesha, Assistant Professor, Kulliyyah of Education, IUM
    Dr. Mariyam Jenyfa, MBBS,MPH, Health Protection Agency 
    Dr. Aishath Shanoora, Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences, MNU
    Mr. Ibrahim Thayyib, Former Chief Executive Officer, Family Protection Authority
    Dr. Mohamed Iyaz, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Sharia and Law , MNU
    Mr. Nimaal Mohamed, Dean, Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge & Human Science , IUM
     
    TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
    Ms. Aminath Habiyya, Senior Administrative Officer, MNU

     

  • MNJR Volume 11 Special Issue (Theveli 2023)
    Vol. 11 No. Special Issue (2023)

    The Maldives National Journal of Research


    A double-blind refereed journal of the Maldives National University
    (c) The Maldives National Journal of Research (Print version: ISSN 2308-5959).

     

    FOUNDING EDITOR
    Dr. Hassan Hameed, MNU

    EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
    Dr. Mohamed Shareef, MNU 
    Dr. Aishath Shehenaz Adam, MNU
    Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, MNU

    EDITORS
    Dr. Aminath Riyaz, MNU 
    Dr. Mariyam Shahuneeza Naseer, MNU

    MNJR EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
    Dr. Aminath Shafiya Adam, MNU
    Dr. Barbara Adams, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA 
    Ms. Ashia Leela Ahmed, MNU
    Professor Wilfredo V Alangui, University of the Philippines, Philippines
    Professor Maria Cecillia Fantinato, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil 
    Dr. Shazla Mohamed, MNU
    Dr. Fazeel Najeeb, MNU
    Dr. Abdulla Nazeer, MNU
    Dr. Yoosuf Nizam, MNU
    Associate Professor Sandra Trotman, Nova South Eastern University, Florida, USA 

    REVIEWERS OF THIS ISSUE
    Dr. Dr. Aly Shameem, Senior Lecturer, MNU
    Dr. Ahmed Inaz, Assistant Professor, MNU
    Dr. Sarah Abdelaziz Abdelmonem Mohamed Elgezary, Assistant Professor
    Dr. Sheena Moosa 
    Ms. Rifaath Hassan, Research Associate, MNU
    Dr. Aishath Naila
    Dr. Ahmed Mohamed
    Dr. Ibrahim Shiyam, CEO, Maldives Technology Academy 
    Dr. Muaviyath Mohamed
    Mr. Ashraf Ali
    Ms. Shiuna Ahmed, Lecturer, MNU
    Ms. Zeenath Shakir, Lecturer, MNU
    Ms. Hawwa Leesha

    TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
    Ms. Aminath Habiyya, Senior Administrative Officer, MNU

     

    Research Development Office
    The Maldives National University
    Radhdhebai Hin’gun, Machchangolhi,
    Male’, Maldives. 
    Fax: +(960) 3344091, Phone: +(960) 3345405
    Email: mnjr@mnu.edu.mv

  • MNJR Volume 11 Issue 2
    Vol. 11 No. 2 (2023)

    The Maldives National Journal of Research

    A double-blind refereed journal of the Maldives National University
    (c) The Maldives National Journal of Research (Print version: ISSN 2308-5959).

    FOUNDING EDITOR
    Dr. Hassan Hameed, Former Chancellor, MNU

    EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
    Dr. Aishath Shehenaz Adam, MNU
    Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, MNU

    EDITORS
    Dr. Aminath Riyaz, MNU 
    Dr. Mariyam Shahuneeza Naseer, MNU


    MNJR EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
    Dr. Aminath Shafiya Adam, MNU
    Dr. Barbara Adams, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA 
    Ms. Ashia Leela Ahmed, MNU
    Professor Wilfredo V Alangui, University of the Philippines, Philippines
    Professor Maria Cecillia Fantinato, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil 
    Dr. Shazla Mohamed, MNU
    Dr. Fazeel Najeeb, MNU
    Dr. Abdulla Nazeer, MNU
    Dr. Yoosuf Nizam, MNU
    Associate Professor Sandra Trotman, Nova South Eastern University, Florida, USA 

    REVIEWERS OF THIS ISSUE
    Dr. Aishath Niyaf, Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, MNU
    Ms. Asiya Abdul Raheem, Senior Dietitian, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital 
    Mr. Ahmed Mirshan,  Director, Human Resources, MNU
    Uz. Ibrahim Rasheed, Counsel General, Civil Service Commission of the Maldives
    Mr. Ahmed Shathir, Senior Lecturer, MNU Business School  
    Ms. Mariyam Noordeen, President, Chefs Guild of Maldives
    Ms. Nadhiya Abdulla, Research Associate, MNU
    Mr. Ahmed Farouq, Assistant General Manager, Agro National Corporation Limited

    TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
    Ms. Aminath Habiyya, Senior Administrative Officer, MNU

    Research Development Office
    The Maldives National University
    Radhdhebai Hin’gun, Machchangolhi,
    Male’, Maldives. 
    Fax: +(960) 3344091, Phone: +(960) 3345405
    Email: mnjr@mnu.edu.mv

  • MNJR Volume 11 Issue 1
    Vol. 11 No. 1 (2023)

    The Maldives National Journal of Research


    A double-blind refereed journal of the Maldives National University
    (c) The Maldives National Journal of Research (Print version: ISSN 2308-5959).

     

    FOUNDING EDITOR
    Dr. Hassan Hameed, MNU

    EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
    Dr. Mohamed Shareef, MNU 
    Dr. Aishath Shehenaz Adam, MNU
    Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, MNU

    EDITORS
    Dr. Aminath Riyaz, MNU 
    Dr. Mariyam Shahuneeza Naseer, Civil Service Commission of the Maldives
    Ms. Nash’aa Ahmed Naseem, MNU


    MNJR EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
    Dr. Aminath Shafiya Adam, MNU
    Dr. Barbara Adams, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA 
    Ms. Ashia Leela Ahmed, MNU
    Professor Wilfredo V Alangui, University of the Philippines, Philippines
    Professor Maria Cecillia Fantinato, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil 
    Dr. Shazla Mohamed, MNU
    Dr. Fazeel Najeeb, MNU
    Dr. Abdulla Nazeer, MNU
    Dr. Yoosuf Nizam, MNU
    Associate Professor Sandra Trotman, Nova South Eastern University, Florida, USA 

     

    REVIEWERS OF THIS ISSUE
    Dr. Abdulla Jameel, Dean, Center for Post Graduate Studies, IUM
    Dr. Abdul Azeez Hameed, Senior Medical Officer, Dhamana Veshi
    Dr. Fazeela Waheed, Casual Lecturer, Federation University
    Uz. Fayyaz Ali Manik, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Sharia and Law, MNU 
    Ms. Mariyam Sidhmeen, Director, Ministry of Gender, Family and Social Services  
    Dr. Razana Faiz, Senior Lecturer, School of Medicine, MNU
    Mr. Ryan Shah Rasheed, Consultant (Leprosy), Health Protection Agency
    Mr. Shaheeb Abdul Azeez, Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, MNU 
    Ms. Suneetha Abdul Raheem, Director of Budget and Finance, Aviation Security Command
    Ms. Zeenath Shakir, Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, MNU

    TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
    Ms. Aminath Shahla, Senior Administrative Officer, MNU

     

     

    Research Development Office
    The Maldives National University
    Radhdhebai Hin’gun, Machchangolhi,
    Male’, Maldives. 
    Fax: +(960) 3344091, Phone: +(960) 3345405
    Email: mnjr@mnu.edu.mv

  • MNJR Volume 10 Issue 2
    Vol. 10 No. 2 (2022)

    The Maldives National Journal of Research


    A double-blind refereed journal of the Maldives National University
    (c) The Maldives National Journal of Research (Print version: ISSN 2308-5959).

     

    FOUNDING EDITOR
    Dr. Hassan Hameed, MNU

    EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
    Dr. Mohamed Shareef, MNU 
    Dr. Aishath Shehenaz Adam, MNU
    Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, MNU

    EDITORS
    Dr. Aminath Riyaz, MNU 
    Ms. Nash’aa Ahmed Naseem, MNU
    Dr. Mariyam Shahuneeza Naseer, Civil Service Commission

    MNJR EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
    Dr. Aminath Shafiya Adam, MNU
    Dr. Barbara Adams, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA 
    Ms. Ashia Leela Ahmed, MNU
    Professor Wilfredo V Alangui, University of the Philippines, Philippines
    Professor Maria Cecillia Fantinato, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil 
    Dr. Maryam Mariya, University of Waikato
    Dr. Shazla Mohamed, MNU
    Dr. Hawwa Shiuna Musthafa, MNU
    Dr. Fazeel Najeeb, MNU
    Dr. Abdulla Nazeer, MNU
    Dr. Yoosuf Nizam, MNU
    Associate Professor Sandra Trotman, Nova South Eastern University, Florida, USA 
    Dr. Fazeela Waheed, Consultant

     

    REVIEWERS OF THIS ISSUE
    Dr. Abdul Hannan Waheed, Chief Executive Officer, Maldives Qualifications Authority
    Uz Ahmed Falah, Legal Officer, Utility Regulatory Authority
    Ms. Aminath Haifa, Lecturer, Faculty of Sharia and Law, MNU
    Ms. Asiya Abdul Raheem, Dietitian, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital 
    Ms. Fathimath Azza, Director General, Ministry of Education  
    Ms. Fathimath Nasiha Abdul Muhaimin, Head of Center,Centre for Foundation Studies, MNU
    Dr. Fazeel Najeeb, Assistant Professor, Research Development Office, MNU
    Ms. Mariyam Sidhmeen, Director, Ministry of Gender, Family and Social Services 
    Dr. Razana Faiz, Assistant Professor, School of Medicine, MNU
    Ms. Zeenath Shakir, Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, MNU

     

    TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
    Ms. Aminath Shahla, Senior Administrative Officer, MNU

     

    Research Development Office
    The Maldives National University
    Radhdhebai Hin’gun, Machchangolhi,
    Male’, Maldives. 
    Fax: +(960) 3344091, Phone: +(960) 3345405
    Email: mnjr@mnu.edu.mv

     

  • MNJR Volume 10 Issue 1
    Vol. 10 No. 1 (2022)

    The Maldives National Journal of Research


    A double-blind refereed journal of the Maldives National University
    (c) The Maldives National Journal of Research (Print version: ISSN 2308-5959).

    FOUNDING EDITOR
    Dr. Hassan Hameed, MNU

    EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
    Dr. Mohamed Shareef, MNU 
    Dr. Aishath Shehenaz Adam, MNU
    Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, MNU

    EDITORS
    Dr. Aminath Riyaz, MNU 
    Ms. Nash’aa Ahmed Naseem, MNU


    MNJR EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
    Dr. Aminath Shafiya Adam, MNU
    Dr. Barbara Adams, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA 
    Ms. Ashia Leela Ahmed, MNU
    Professor Wilfredo V Alangui, University of the Philippines, Philippines
    Professor Maria Cecillia Fantinato, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil 
    Dr. Maryam Mariya, University of Waikato
    Dr. Shazla Mohamed, MNU
    Dr. Hawwa Shiuna Musthafa, MNU
    Dr. Fazeel Najeeb, MNU
    Dr. Abdulla Nazeer, MNU
    Dr. Yoosuf Nizam, MNU
    Associate Professor Sandra Trotman, Nova South Eastern University, Florida, USA 
    Dr. Fazeela Waheed, Consultant

    REVIEWERS OF THIS ISSUE
    Dr. Sarah Abdelaziz Assistant Professor,  Faculty of Engineering, Science and Technology, MNU
    Dr. Ahmed Inaz, Assistant Professor, Business School, MNU
    Dr.Abdul Muhsin Mohamed, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Science and Technology, MNU
    Dr. Hawwa Shiuna Musthafa, Assistant Professor, Research Development Office, MNU
    Dr. Mariyam Shahuneeza Naseer, Secretary General, Civil Service Commission of the Maldives
    Dr. Abdulla Nazeer, Project Manager, Research Development Office, MNU
    Dr. Aishath Rameela, Dean, Student Support Services, AVID College
    Dr. Aishath Reesha, Dean, Kulliyyah of Education, Islamic University of Maldives 
    Dr. Aishath Sanoora, Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences, MNU
    Aishath Shaheen, Consultant (Management/HR/Training), Freelance
    Ibrahim Thayyib, Chief Executive Officer, Family Protection Authority 
    Ms. Zeenath Shakir,  Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, MNU

     

    TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
    Ms. Aminath Shahla, Senior Administrative Officer, MNU

     

     

    Research Development Office
    The Maldives National University
    Radhdhebai Hin’gun, Machchangolhi,
    Male’, Maldives. 
    Fax: +(960) 3344091, Phone: +(960) 3345405
    Email: mnjr@mnu.edu.mv

     

  • MNJR Volume 9 Issue 2
    Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021)

    The Maldives National Journal of Research


    A double-blind refereed journal of the Maldives National University
    (c) The Maldives National Journal of Research (Print version: ISSN 2308-5959).

    FOUNDING EDITOR
    Dr. Hassan Hameed, MNU

    EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
    Dr. Mohamed Shareef, MNU 
    Dr. Aishath Shehenaz Adam, MNU
    Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, MNU

    EDITORS
    Dr. Aminath Riyaz, MNU 
    Ms. Nash’aa Ahmed Naseem, MNU


    MNJR EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
    Dr. Aminath Shafiya Adam, MNU
    Dr. Barbara Adams, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA 
    Ms. Ashia Leela Ahmed, MNU
    Professor Wilfredo V Alangui, University of the Philippines, Philippines
    Professor Maria Cecillia Fantinato, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil 
    Dr. Maryam Mariya, MNU
    Dr. Shazla Mohamed, MNU
    Dr. Hawwa Shiuna Musthafa, MNU
    Dr. Fazeel Najeeb, MNU
    Dr. Abdulla Nazeer, MNU
    Dr. Yoosuf Nizam, MNU
    Associate Professor Sandra Trotman, Nova South Eastern University, Florida, USA 
    Dr. Fazeela Waheed, MNU

     

    REVIEWERS OF THIS ISSUE
    Dr. Shazla Mohamed, Senior Scientist Research Development Office, MNU
    Mr. Ahmed Hashim, Lecturer, Faculty of Arts, MNU
    Ms. Mariyam Nihad, Lecturer, Faculty of Education, Villa College
    Ms. Zeenath Shakir, Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences,MNU
    Ms. Aminath Saeed, Lecturer, Faculty of Arts,MNU
    Ms. Aishath Hassan, Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences,MNU
    Mr. Ashraf Ali, Faculty of Arts and Literature, Avid College
    Mr. Adam Naseer Ibrahim,  Lecturer, Center for Continuing Education, IUM 
    Ms. Malaha Abdul Rasheed, Dietician Consultant, UNICEF, HPA
    Ms. Iasha Hussain, Dietitian, Treetop Hospital, Nutrition Consultant and Co-Founder at IHNC 

     

    TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
    Ms. Aminath Shahla, Senior Administrative Officer, MNU

     

     

    Research Development Office
    The Maldives National University
    Radhdhebai Hin’gun, Machchangolhi,
    Male’, Maldives. 
    Fax: +(960) 3344091, Phone: +(960) 3345405
    Email: mnjr@mnu.edu.mv

  • MNJR Volume 9 Issue 1
    Vol. 9 No. 1 (2021)

    The Maldives National Journal of Research


    A double-blind refereed journal of the Maldives National University
    (c) The Maldives National Journal of Research (Print version: ISSN 2308-5959).

     

    FOUNDING EDITOR
    Dr. Hassan Hameed, MNU

    EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
    Dr. Mohamed Shareef, MNU 
    Dr. Aishath Shehenaz Adam, MNU
    Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, MNU

    MNJR EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
    Dr. Aminath Shafiya Adam, MNU
    Dr. Barbara Adams, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA 
    Ms. Ashia Leela Ahmed, MNU
    Professor Wilfredo V Alangui, University of the Philippines, Philippines
    Professor Maria Cecillia Fantinato, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil 
    Ms. Rifaath Hassan, MNU
    Dr. Maryam Mariya, MNU
    Dr. Shazla Mohamed, MNU
    Dr. Sheena Moosa, MNU
    Dr. Hawwa Shiuna Musthafa, MNU
    Dr. Aishath Naila, MNU
    Dr. Fazeel Najeeb, MNU
    Ms. Nash’aa Ahmed Naseem, MNU
    Dr. Abdulla Nazeer, MNU
    Dr. Yoosuf Nizam, MNU
    Dr. Aminath Riyaz, MNU
    Associate Professor Sandra Trotman, Nova South Eastern University, Florida, USA 
    Dr. Fazeela Waheed, MNU

     

    REVIEWERS OF THIS ISSUE
    Dr. Abdulla Nazeer, Promise Project Manager,  Research Development Office, MNU
    Ms. Aishath Hassan, Lecturer, Faculty of Arts 
    Ms. Aminath Adheela, Program Coordinator, Dhamanaveshi
    Ms. Asiya Abdul Raheem, Dietitian, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital
    Uza. Fathimath Waheed, Lecturer, Faculty of Sharia’ and Law
    Dr. Fazeela Waheed, Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Maldives National University
    Dr. Fazeel Najeeb, Assistant Professor, Research Development Office, MNU
    Mr. Ibrahim Thayyib, Chief Excutive Officer, Family Protection Authority
    Ms. Mariyam Nihad, Lecturer, Faculty of Education, Villa College
    Dr. Mohamed Kinaanath, Director, Office of the Rector, Villa College
    Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, Director of Research, Research Development Office, MNU
    Mr. Shafy Rasheed, Research Assistant, Institute for Research and Innovation, Villa College
    Dr. Sheena Moosa, Research Consultant, Research Development Office,  MNU
    Ms. Zeenath Shakir, Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, MNU
    Ms. Zeenaz Hussain, Lecturer, Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Studies, MNU

     

    MANUSCRIPT EDITOR
    Ms. Nash’aa Ahmed Naseem, Research Associate, Research Development Office, MNU


    TECHNICAL ASSITANCE
    Ms. Aminath Shahla, Senior Administrative Officer, MNU

     

     

    Research Development Office
    The Maldives National University
    Radhdhebai Hin’gun, Machchangolhi,
    Male’, Maldives. 
    Fax: +(960) 3344091, Phone: +(960) 3345405
    Email: mnjr@mnu.edu.mv

  • MNJR Volume 8 Issue 2
    Vol. 8 No. 2 (2020)

    THE MALDIVES NATIONAL  JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

    A double-blind refereed journal of the Maldives National University


    EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
    Dr Raheema Abdul Raheem, Director of Research, The Maldives National University


    EDITOR
    Nash’aa Ahmed Naseem, Research Development Office, The Maldives National University


    EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
    Dr Hassan Hameed, Chancellor,  The Maldives National University
    Dr Mohamed Shareef, Vice Chancellor,  The Maldives National University
    Dr Aishath Shehenaz Adam, Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research and Enterprise),  The Maldives National University
    Dr Aminath Riyaz, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Arts,  The Maldives National University
    Dr Sheena Moosa, Research Consultant, Research Development Office, The Maldives National University
    Dr Fazeela Waheed, Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Maldives National University
    Dr Abdul Hannan Waheed,  Chief Executive Officer, Maldives Qualification Authority
    Dr Mariyam Shahuneeza Naseer, Director, Policy Planning and Research, Department of Judicial Administration, Maldives
    Dr Aminath Shafiya Adam, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Education, The Maldives National University
    Ms Mariyam Neeris, Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Maldives National University
    Ms Zeenath Shakir, Programme Manager, UNDP

     



    Research Development Office
    The Maldives National University
    Radhdhebai Hin’gun, Machchangolhi,
    Male’, Maldives.
    Fax: +(960) 3344091
    Phone: +(960) 3345405
    Email: mnjr@mnu.edu.mv

  • MNJR Volume 8 Issue 1
    Vol. 8 No. 1 (2020)

    THE MALDIVES NATIONAL  JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

    A double-blind refereed journal of the Maldives National University

    EDITOR IN- CHIEF
    Dr Raheema Abdul Raheem,  Dean of Research, The Research Centre, The Maldives National University


    EDITOR
    Dr Fazeel Najeeb, Assistant Professor, The Research Centre, The Maldives National University


    EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
    Dr Mohamed Shareef, Vice-Chancellor, The Maldives National University
    Dr Aishath Shehenaz Adam, DeputyVice-Chancellor, (Research and Enterprise), The Maldives National University
    Ms Aishath Shaheen Ismail, Deputy Vice Chancellor (Academic Affairs), The Maldives National University
    Dr Aishath Naila, Assistant Professor, The Research Centre, The Maldives National University
    Dr Sheena Moosa, Research Consultant, The Research Centre, The Maldives National University
    Dr Rukshana Ahmed, Clinical Epidemiologist & Co-Founder, Clinesia CRO, Jakarta, Indonesia, Consultant Paediatrician, Medica Hospital and AMDC Clinic
    Dr Mariyam Shahuneeza Naseer, Director, Policy Planning and Research, Department of Judicial Administration, Maldives
    Dr Shazla Mohamed, Dean, Faculty of Engineering, Science and Technology, The Maldives National University
    Dr Sheeza Ali, Dean, School of Medicine, The Maldives National University
    Dr Maryam Mariya, Senior Tutor, Te Puna Ako - Centre for Tertiary Teaching and Learning, Office of the Vice Chancellor, University of Waikato 
    Dr Zeba Un Naher, Assistant Professor, School of Medicine, The Maldives National University
    Dr Aminath Shafiya Adam, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Education, The Maldives National University
    Dr Aishath Rameela, Executive Dean, Faculty of Human Development, Avid College
    Mr Ahmed Mirshan, Director, Human Resources Department, The Maldives National University
    Ms Nasiha Abdul Muhaimin, Lecturer, Centre for Educational Technology and Excellence, The Maldives National University
    Uz. Mohamed Anil, Managing Partner, Attorney-at-Law, Alif Law Chambers LLP, Advocates and Advisors
    Mr Abdul Haleem Abdul Latheef, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, Solarelle Insurance
    Ms Mariyam Nazviya, Director, Policy and International Relations, Villa College
    Ms Aishath Laila, Statistician, Statistical Survey and Data Processing Division, National Bureau of Statistics
    Mr Gasith Mohamed, Plant protection and Quarantine Services, Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources and Agriculture
    Ms Athifa Ibrahim, Managing Partner, EPIC Consulting LLP
    Ms Zeenath Shakir, Programme Manager, UNDP
    Mr Mohamed Shafy Rasheed, Lecturer, Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Studies, The Maldives National University
    Ms Nasira Mohamed, Lecturer, MNU Business School, The Maldives National University
    Ms Niuma Mohamed, Lecturer, Faculty of Education, The Maldives National University

    LAYOUT
    Ms Shahda Moosa, Senior Marketing Officer, Marketing Department, The Maldives National University

     

    TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
    Ms Aminath Shahla, Senior Administrative Officer, The Research Centre, The Maldives National University

     

     

     

    The Research Centre
    The Maldives National University
    Radhdhebai Hin’gun, Machchangolhi,
    Male’, Maldives.
    Fax: +(960) 3344091
    Phone: +(960) 3345424
    Email: research@mnu.edu.mv

  • MNJR Volume 7 Issue 1
    Vol. 7 No. 1 (2019)

    THE MALDIVES NATIONAL  JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

    A double-blind refereed journal of the Maldives National University

     

    EDITOR IN CHIEF
    Dr Raheema Abdul Raheem, Dean of Research, The Maldives National University

     

    EDITOR
    Dr Aishath Naila, Assistant Professor, The Research Centre, The Maldives National University


    EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
    Dr. Mohamed Shareef, Vice Chancellor, The Maldives National University
    Dr. Aishath Shehenaz Adam, Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research and Enterprise), The Maldives National University
    Dr Fazeel Najeeb, Assistant Professor, The Research Centre, The Maldives National University
    Dr Aminath Riyaz, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Arts, The Maldives National University
    Dr Aminath Shafiya Adam,  Assistant Professor, Faculty of Education, The Maldives National University
    Dr Yoosuf Nizam, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, The Maldives National University
    Dr Mariyam Suzana,  Assistant Professor, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Maldives National University

     

     

     

    The Research Centre
    The Maldives National University
    Radhdhebai Hin’gun, Machchangolhi,
    Male’, Maldives.
    Fax: +(960) 3344091
    Phone: +(960) 3345422
    Email: mnjr@mnu.edu.mv

  • MNJR Volume 6 Issue 1
    Vol. 6 No. 1 (2018)

    MALDIVES NATIONAL  JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

    A double-blind refereed journal of the Maldives National University

     

    EDITOR
    Dr Raheema Abdul Raheem, Dean of Research, Research Centre, The Maldives National University

     

    EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
    Dr Ali Fawaz Shareef, Vice-Chancellor, The Maldives National University
    Dr. Mohamed Latheef, Chancellor, The Maldives National University 
    Dr Muaviath Mohamed, Deputy Vice-Chancellor,  The Maldives National University
    Dr Fazeela Waheed, Assistant Professor,  The Maldives National University 
    Dr Aishath Naila, Assistant Professor,  The Maldives National University 
    Dr Aminath Riyaz, Senior Lecturer,  The Maldives National University
    Dr Abdul Sattar Abdul Rahman, Senior Lecturer,  The Maldives National University
    Dr Mohamed Kinaanath, Director, Office of the Rector,  Villa College
    Dr Khadeeja Ibrahim Didi, Consultant,  The Maldives National University 
    Dr Ahmed Ibrahim, Post-doctoral research fellow, Edith Cowan University
    Dr Aminath Shafiya, Director General, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture
    Dr Ibrahim Shiyam, Senior Engineer, Dhiraagu
    Dr Zaid Mohamed, Consultant, Private Company
    Rifaath Hassan, Lecturer,  The Maldives National University
    Zeenath Shakir, Director, Family Protection Authority
    Hawwa Afra, The Maldives National University 

     

     

    Research Centre
    The Maldives National University
    Radhdhebai Hin’gun, Machchangolhi,
    Male’, Maldives.
    Fax: +(960) 3344091
    Phone: +(960) 3345420
    Email: mnjr@mnu.edu.mv

  • MNJR Volume 5 Issue 1
    Vol. 5 No. 1 (2017)

    MALDIVES NATIONAL  JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

    A double-blind refereed journal of The Maldives National University

    EDITOR
    Dr Ali Fawaz Shareef, Vice-Chancellor, The Maldives National University

    ASSISTANT EDITOR
    Dr Raheema Abdul Raheem,  Dean of Research, Research Centre, The Maldives National University


    EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
    Dr. Mohamed Latheef, Chancellor, The Maldives National University 
    Dr Muaviath Mohamed, Deputy Vice-Chancellor,  The Maldives National University
    Dr Fazeela Waheed, Senior Lecturer, Research Centre,  The Maldives National University 
    Dr Mohamed Kinaanath, Director, Office of the Rector,  Villa College
    Dr Dheeba Moosa, Dean of Research and Publication, Centre for Research and Publication, The Islamic University of Maldives
    Dr Asma Ibrahim, Director General,  Maldives Blood Services
    Dr Mizna Mohamed, Former Senior Lecturer, Research Centre,  The Maldives National University 
    Dr Khadeeja Ibrahim Didi, Consultant,  The Maldives National University 
    Dr Ahmed Ibrahim, Post-doctoral research fellow, Edith Cowan University
    Mr. Ibrahim Ismail, Lecturer, Faculty of Arts, The Maldives National University
    Ms. Asiya Abdul Raheem, Dietitian, Indira Gandi Memorial Hospital
    Ms. Mariyam Shabeena Ahmed, Lecturer, Research Centre,  The Maldives National University
    Ms. Suneena Rasheed, PhD Candidate, The Maldives National University

     

     

     

    Research Centre
    The Maldives National University
    Radhdhebai Hin’gun, Machchangolhi,
    Male’, Maldives.
    Fax: +(960) 3344091
    Phone: +(960) 3345420
    Email: mnjr@mnu.edu.mv

  • MNJR Volume 4 Issue 1 (Special Issue)
    Vol. 4 No. 1 (2016)

    MALDIVES NATIONAL  JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

    A double-blind refereed journal of The Maldives National University

    EDITOR
    Dr Ali Fawaz Shareef, Vice Chancellor, The Maldives National University


    ASSISTANT EDITORS
    Dr Raheema Abdul Raheem, Dean of Research, The Maldives National University

     

    EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
    Dr Mohamed Latheef , Chancellor, The Maldives National University 
    Dr Fazeela Waheed, Lecturer, The Maldives National University 
    Dr Muaviath Mohamed, Deputy Vice Chancellor, The Maldives National University 
    Dr Dheeba Moosa, Dean of Research and Publication, Islamic University of Maldives 
    Dr Mariyam Shahuneeza Naseer, Curriculum, Instruction, and Assessment Specialist, Islamic University of Maldives 
    Dr Mohamed Kinaanath, Director, Office of the Rectorate, Villa College, Maldives
    Ms. Aishath Ali, Lecturer, The Maldives National University 
    Dr Khadeeja Ibrahim Didi, Edith Cowan University

     

     

    Research Centre
    The Maldives National University
    Radhdhebai Hin’gun, Machchangolhi,
    Male’, Maldives.
    Fax: +(960) 3344091
    Phone: +(960) 3345420
    Email: research@mnu.edu.mv

  • MNJR Volume 3 Issue 1
    Vol. 3 No. 1 (2015)

    MALDIVES NATIONAL  JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

    A double-blind refereed journal of The Maldives National University

    GUEST EDITOR
    Dr Mohamed Zahir Hussain, Chancellor, The Maldives National University


    ASSISTANT EDITORS
    Dr Mizna Mohamed, The Postgraduate Research Centre, The Maldives National University

     

    EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
    Dr Hassan Hameed, Vice-Chancellor, The Maldives National University 
    Ms Zulfa Ibrahim, Lecturer, Faculty of Arts, The Maldives National University
    Dr Mohamed Kinaanath, Dean & Director, Faculty of Informations and Communication Technology, Villa College, Maldives
    Eng Ahmed Ahsan Latheef, University of Tasmania, Australia 
    Dr Maryam Mariya, University of Waikato, New Zealand
    Dr Simad Saeed, Managing Director, CDE Consulting, Maldives
    Dr Aly Shameem, Visiting Lecturer at The Maldives National University, Freelance Researcher, Human Rights and Democracy Advocate
    Dr Ali Fawaz Shareef, Director, Research and Innovation, Institute for Research and Innovation, Villa College, Maldives
    Dr Ali Shareef, Deputy Vice-Chancellor, The Maldives National University

     

     

    The Postgraduate Research Centre
    The Maldives National University
    Radhdhebai Hin’gun, Machchangolhi,
    Male’, Maldives.
    Fax: +(960) 3344091

  • MNJR Volume 2 Issue 1
    Vol. 2 No. 1 (2014)

    MALDIVES NATIONAL  JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

    A double-blind refereed journal of The Maldives National University


    EDITOR
    Dr Mizna Mohamed,  Senior Lecturer, The Postgraduate Research Centre


    EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
    Dr Hassan Hameed, Vice-Chancellor, The Maldives National University 
    Dr Mohamed Latheef, President of Civil Service Commission (Former Minister of Education) 
    Dr Donald Matheson, Senior Lecturer, School of Social and Political Science, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
    Dr Naashia Mohamed, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Arts,  The Maldives National University 
    Dr Dheeba Moosa, Director, Centre for English Language Support, Villa College, Maldives
    Dr Ali Shareef, Deputy Vice-Chancellor, The Maldives National University 
    Assoc. Professor Jim Tully, School of Social and Political Science, University of Canterbury, New Zealand & Researcher-in-Residence, School of Commuication, Journalism and Marketing, Massey University, New Zealand
    Dr Abdul Sattar Yoosuf, founder and Executive Director of the International Center for Environment, Development and Operational Research (ENDEVOR), Maldives (Former Assistant Regional Director of the WHO Southeast Asia Regional Office and former Deputy Minister of Health)

     

     

    The Postgraduate Research Centre
    The Maldives National University
    Radhdhebai Hin’gun, Machchangolhi,
    Male’, Maldives.
    Fax: +(960) 3344091
    Phone: +(960) 3345420
    Email: research@mnu.edu.mv

1-20 of 21