Vol. 11 No. 1 (2023)

The Maldives National Journal of Research

A double-blind refereed journal of the Maldives National University
(c) The Maldives National Journal of Research (Print version: ISSN 2308-5959).

FOUNDING EDITOR
Dr. Hassan Hameed, MNU

EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
Dr. Mohamed Shareef, MNU 
Dr. Aishath Shehenaz Adam, MNU
Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, MNU

EDITORS
Dr. Aminath Riyaz, MNU 
Dr. Mariyam Shahuneeza Naseer, Civil Service Commission of the Maldives
Ms. Nash’aa Ahmed Naseem, MNU

MNJR EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Aminath Shafiya Adam, MNU
Dr. Barbara Adams, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA 
Ms. Ashia Leela Ahmed, MNU
Professor Wilfredo V Alangui, University of the Philippines, Philippines
Professor Maria Cecillia Fantinato, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil 
Dr. Shazla Mohamed, MNU
Dr. Fazeel Najeeb, MNU
Dr. Abdulla Nazeer, MNU
Dr. Yoosuf Nizam, MNU
Associate Professor Sandra Trotman, Nova South Eastern University, Florida, USA 

REVIEWERS OF THIS ISSUE
Dr. Abdulla Jameel, Dean, Center for Post Graduate Studies, IUM
Dr. Abdul Azeez Hameed, Senior Medical Officer, Dhamana Veshi
Dr. Fazeela Waheed, Casual Lecturer, Federation University
Uz. Fayyaz Ali Manik, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Sharia and Law, MNU 
Ms. Mariyam Sidhmeen, Director, Ministry of Gender, Family and Social Services  
Dr. Razana Faiz, Senior Lecturer, School of Medicine, MNU
Mr. Ryan Shah Rasheed, Consultant (Leprosy), Health Protection Agency
Mr. Shaheeb Abdul Azeez, Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, MNU 
Ms. Suneetha Abdul Raheem, Director of Budget and Finance, Aviation Security Command
Ms. Zeenath Shakir, Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, MNU

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Ms. Aminath Shahla, Senior Administrative Officer, MNU

Research Development Office
The Maldives National University
Radhdhebai Hin’gun, Machchangolhi,
Male’, Maldives. 
Fax: +(960) 3344091, Phone: +(960) 3345405
Email: mnjr@mnu.edu.mv