The Maldives National Journal of Research
The Maldives National Journal of Research (MNJR) is the official research journal of the Maldives National University. MNJR is a multidisciplinary journal of research in all disciplines relevant to the Maldives. The journal is a peer reviewed journal that publishes two issues each year. The journal publishes research articles, literature reviews and book reviews.
Generational Perceptions of Digital Ethics and Employee Well-Being in AI-Enabled Health and IT Workplaces: A Systematic Review
In 21st-century workplaces, where the pace of digital change is fast, ethical issues are exponential, with 70% workers indicating unease due to AI. In particular, millennials and Gen Z expressed 30% more ethical and trust-related concerns in AI workplaces. Although AI rapid integration in workplaces has increased lately, including Healthcare and IT, generational differences in digital ethics perceptions remain a neglected aspect of influencing employee well-being, and that is what this review seeks to determine with the following objectives: i) to synthesize existing research on generational attitudes toward digital ethics in AI-driven healthcare and IT workplaces. ii) to examine the relationship between generational attitudes toward digital ethics and employee well-being, including stress, trust, and job satisfaction, among employees aged 24 to 55 in AI-driven health and IT workplaces, and iii) to identify research gaps and provide practical recommendations for organizations to foster ethical AI adoption through training, clear policies, and inclusive practices in multigenerational workplaces. Following the PRISMA framework, a systematic review was conducted, and data were sourced across three databases, i.e., ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar, using keywords “digital ethics”, generational differences”, well-being, and AI workplaces with Boolean operators. A total of 33 full-text studies were included that met the inclusion criteria. The results showed a significant generational disparity in the interpretation of digital ethics, with the younger employees being more accepting and the older generation being more concerned about AI-related privacy and transparency. Such perceptual differences affect employees’ psychological well-being, trust, stress, and job satisfaction, more particularly in the field of healthcare, regarding ethical sensitivity related to patient data privacy.
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The Managerial and Operative Challenges of Human Resources Management in the Guesthouse Sector in the Maldives
The study aims to examine the managerial and operative challenges of human resources management (HRM) in the guesthouse sector of the Maldives. Adopting and adhering to best practices in human resources management enables businesses to thrive and succeed. Uncompetitive salaries, coupled with a lack of proactive Human Resource (HR) planning and training for optimal performance, contribute to various HRM issues. In addition to this, the differences in work ethics and culture create a problematic workplace environment for both local and expatriate staff. The study employed an inductive approach, facilitating qualitative research. The study employed a multiple case study research strategy, as new information is likely to be gained from incremental cases. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 12 guesthouse owners and managers of small and medium-sized guesthouses in the Greater Male' area and nearby local islands, selected via purposive sampling to capture the diverse operational aspects. Thematic analysis revealed seven key themes: HR planning and recruitment, organisational structure, leadership and motivation, compensation management, training and development, administrative systems, and ethical labour relations through cultural and cross-cultural integrity. Guesthouses that balance operational costs with competitive compensation packages, while focusing on service quality, reflect the magnitude of interconnectedness in HRM. There is a need for proactive management to improve employee engagement and business performance. The study highlights the importance of professional-level support and effective HR interventions in enhancing the performance of guesthouse operations in the Maldives.
The Structure of Finite Verb Clauses in Dhivehi Complex Sentences: A Corpus Analysis
The identification of finite verbs, finite verb clauses, sentences, and sentence structures presents numerous challenges and remains the subject of ongoing academic debate. While some languages follow a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) order, others, such as those with a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) structure, are categorised as verb-final languages. Word order differs across languages in other ways as well. A simple sentence consists of an independent clause containing a subject and a predicate. In contrast, complex sentences are formed by combining one or more dependent clauses with at least one independent clause. This study aims to examine the structure of finite verb clauses within complex sentences in Dhivehi, specifically focusing on the syntactic changes that occur when clauses are combined and the roles of these clauses in the overall sentence structure. The research adopts a corpus linguistics methodology, utilising data from two distinct corpora: one comprising 2,600 sentences from literary and academic writings spanning from 1950 to 2022, and the other consisting of over 10,000 sentences extracted from the ‘Faththoora’ magazine. The sentences from the first corpus were manually tagged in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, and finite verb clauses were identified using Excel’s filter tool. To support the analysis, further examples were extracted from the second corpus where needed. The collected clauses were then grouped, tabulated, and analysed based on their syntactic structure and functional roles within the complex sentences. The primary finding of this study is that finite verb clauses in Dhivehi complex sentences predominantly appear as independent clauses placed at the end of the sentence. Additionally, 11 distinct types of dependent clauses were identified, which can function as subjects or objects of finite verb clause. The study further reveals that dependent clauses can be used in various ways, such as to express reasons, function as adverbials, adjuncts, indicate reported speech and clause chaining. These findings have important implications for linguists, educators, and those involved in the study or use of written Dhivehi. By outlining the syntactic principles and rules governing the use of finite verb clause and dependent clauses in Dhivehi complex sentences, this study provides valuable insights for both theoretical research and practical application in language teaching. ދިވެހިބަހުގެ ކޯނި ޖުމުލައިގައި ހުއްޓޭކަން ބަސްކޯޅީގެ ތަރުކީބު: ބަސްމާފާނު ތަޙުލީލެއް މުޖުމަލު ހުއްޓޭކަމާއި ހުއްޓޭކަން ބަސްކޯޅިއާއި ޖުމުލައާއި ޖުމުލައިގެ އޮނިގަނޑުގެ ތަރުކީބު ދެނެގަތުމަކީ ގިނަގުނަ ގޮންޖެހުންތަކެއް ހުރި އަދި ގިނަ ބަހުސްތައް ހުށަހެޅެމުންދާ ދާއިރާއެކެވެ. ބައެއް ބަސްބަހަކީ ހުއްޓޭކަމުގެ ލަފުޒު މެދަށް ގެނެސްގެން ޖުމުލަ ތަރުކީބުކުރާ ބަސްބަހެވެ. އެއީ ކަންކުރާ ('ސަބްޖެކްޓް')، ކަން ('ވަރބް')، ކަންކުރެވޭ ('އޮބްޖެކްޓް')، މި ގޮތަށް ޖުމުލައިގައި ލަފުޒުތައް ތަރުކީބުކުރާ ބަސްބަހެވެ. އަނެއް ބައި ބަސްބަހަކީ، ކަންކުރާ، ކަންކުރެވޭ، ކަން، މި ގޮތަށް ތަރުކީބުކުރާ ބަސްބަހެވެ. އަދި މި ނޫން ގޮތްގޮތަށް ވެސް ބަސްބަހުގައި ލަފުޒު ތަރުކީބުކުރެވެއެވެ. އިސްބަޔަކާއި ޚަބަރެއް އެކުލެވޭ ކޮންމެ މިނިވަން ބަސްކޯޅިއަކީ ސާދާ ޖުމުލައެކެވެ. އަދި ކޮންމެ ބަހެއްގައި ވެސް މިނިވަން ބަސްކޯޅިއާ އެކު ބަރޯސާ ބަސްކޯޅިތައް ބޭނުންކޮށްގެން ކޯނި ޖުމުލަ އުފައްދައެވެ. ވީމާ، މި ދިރާސާގެ މަގުސަދަކީ ދިވެހިބަހުގެ ކޯނި ޖުމުލައިގައި ހުއްޓޭކަން ބަސްކޯޅިއާ އެކު އެހެނިހެން ބަސްކޯޅިތައް ބޭނުންކޮށްގެން ޖުމުލަ ހެދުމުގައި ބަސްކޯޅިތައް ތަރުކީބުކުރެވޭ ގޮތާއި ބަސްކޯޅިތައް ތަރުކީބުކުރުމުގައި ބަސްކޯޅިތަކަށް ގެނެވޭ ބަދަލުތަކާއި ބަސްކޯޅީގެ ދައުރުތައް ދެނެގަތުމެވެ. މިއީ ބަސްމާފާނު ބަހަވީޢިލްމު ('ކޯޕަސް ލިންގުއިސްޓިކްސް') ތަރީގާތު ބޭނުންކޮށްގެން ކޮށްފައިވާ ދިރާސާއެކެވެ. ޑޭޓާ ނެގީ އަދަބީ އަދި ޢިލްމީ ލިޔުންތައް ހިމަނައިގެން އެކުލަވައިލި ދެ ބަސްމާފާނަކުންނެވެ. އެއީ 1950ވަނަ އަހަރުން ފެށިގެން 2022ވަނަ އަހަރާ ހަމައަށް ކޮންމެ އަހަރަކުން ލިޔުން ހިމެނޭހެން 2600 ޖުމުލަ ހިމެނޭ ބަސްމާފާނަކާއި ފަތްތޫރަ މަޖައްލާއިން ނެގި 10000އަށް ވުރެ ގިނަ ޖުމުލަ ހިމެނޭ ބަސްމާފާނެކެވެ. ފުރަތަމަ ބަސްމާފާނުގެ ހުރިހާ ޖުމުލައެއް ވަކިވަކިން މައިކްރޮސޮފްޓް އެކްސެލް ޝީޓުގައި ރުކުރުވައިލައިގެން ބަސްކޯޅިތައް ވަކިކޮށް ޖުމުލަތައް ތަޙުލީލުކުރީމެވެ. އެއިން ހުއްޓޭކަން ބަސްކޯޅި ހިމެނޭ ޖުމުލަތައް، އެކްސެލްގެ ފިލްޓަރު އަދާތު ('ޓޫލް') ބޭނުންކޮށްގެން ވަކިކޮށްގެން ހޯދުންތައް ކަނޑައެޅީމެވެ. މީގެއިތުރުން ހޯދާން ބޭނުންވި އިތުރު މިސާލުތައް ނެގީ ދެވަނަ ބަސްމާފާނުންނެވެ. އެއަށް ފަހު، ޖުމުލަތަކުގައި ބަސްކޯޅިތައް ތަރުކީބުވެފައިވާ ގޮތަށާއި ޖުމުލައިގައި ބަސްކޯޅިތައް އަދާކުރާ ދައުރަށް ބަލައި ބަސްކޯޅިތައް ގުރޫޕުކޮށް ތާވާލުކޮށް މަޝްވަރާކުރީމެވެ. މި ދިރާސާގެ މައިގަނޑު ހޯދުމަކީ ދިވެހިބަހުގައި، ކޯނި ޖުމުލައިގައި އާންމުކޮށް ހުއްޓޭކަން ބަސްކޯޅި އަންނަނީ މިނިވަން ބަސްކޯޅީގެ ގޮތުގައި ޖުމުލަ ނިމޭ ބަހާގެ ގޮތުގައިކަމެވެ. އަދި ހުއްޓޭކަން ބަސްކޯޅިއާ އެކު ބަރޯސާ ބަސްކޯޅީގެ ގޮތުގައި ތަފާތު 11 ބާވަތުގެ ބަސްކޯޅި ބޭނުންކުރެވޭކަން ފާހަގަކުރެވުނެވެ. އަދި މި ބަރޯސާ ބަސްކޯޅިތައް ހުއްޓޭކަން ބަސްކޯޅީގެ ކަންކުރާގެ ގޮތުގައްޔާއި ކަންކުރެވޭގެ ގޮތުގައި އަދި އިތުރުބަހާގެ ގޮތުގައްޔާއި ބުނިބަސް އަންގައިދޭން ވެސް ބޭނުންކުރެވޭކަން ދެނެގަނެވުނެވެ. މީގެއިތުރުން ސަބަބު ބަޔާންކުރުމަށާއި ކަންއިތުރުގެ ގޮތުގައްޔާއި ބަސްކޯޅި ގެތުން ފަދަ ތަފާތު ގޮތްގޮތަށް ހުއްޓޭކަމާ އެކު ބަރޯސާ ބަސްކޯޅިތައް ބޭނުންކުރެވޭކަން ވެސް ފާހަގަކުރެވުނެވެ. މި އައު ހޯދުންތަކަކީ، ދިވެހިބަހުގެ އެދުރުންނަށާއި ދާރިސުންނަށާއި ދިވެހިބަހުން ލިޔެކިޔުން ބޭނުންކުރާ ކޮންމެ ފަރުދަކަށްމެ މުހިންމު ބޭނުންތެރި ހޯދުންތަކަކަށް ވާނެއެވެ. އެހެނީ ދިވެހިބަހުން ޢިބާރާތްކުރުމުގައި، ކޯނި ޖުމުލައިގައި ހުއްޓޭކަން ބަސްކޯޅިއާއި ހުއްޓޭކަން ބަސްކޯޅިއާ އެކު އެހެނިހެން ބަސްކޯޅިތައް ބޭނުންކުރާންވީ އުސޫލުތަކާއި ހަމަތައް މި ދިރާސާއިން ދެނެގަނެވޭނެއެވެ.
Factors Affecting Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Presented a Large Tertiary Hospital in Male’
Diabetes has now become increasingly prevalent worldwide, with South Asians at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Maldives itself has a recorded prevalence of diabetes at 6.7% in 2021. Given the increasing morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes-related complications, there is a critical need for improved glycemic control strategies. This study aimed to determine the status of glycemic control and identify key factors influencing the glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus presenting to Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital (IGMH). This, hospital-based retrospective cohort study included 440 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus who presented to IGMH, between 01st January to 31st December 2024. Data on all the variables considered in the study were obtained through direct patient interviews using a structured questionnaire and hospital medical records by employing a census sampling method. Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM® SPSS® version 30.0. The Chi-square test of independence was used to assess associations between variables and glycemic control, followed by logistic regression models for further analysis. Poor glycemic control, defined as HbA1c >7% or FBS >130 mg/dL, was observed in 51% of patients based on FBS and in 22% based on HbA1c. The findings of the study showed that, there was a strong association between poor glycemic control and non-adherence to diet [OR=3.16, p<0.001, CI:1.66-6.01], exercise [OR=1.85, p=0.006, CI:1.20-2.85], long duration of illness [OR=1.99, p=0.003, CI:1.26-3.15], combination therapy with oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin [OR=23.22, p<0.001, CI:8.34-64.63] and compliance to treatment [OR=3.03, p<0.001, CI:1.62-5.65]. These results highlighted the importance of compliance to treatment, lifestyle modifications, and early intervention in managing glycemic control among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients presenting to IGMH. Addressing these factors, therefore, could lead to improved disease management and better long-term health outcomes.
IFRS Adoption on the Individual Financial Statements: A comparison to the Hungarian GAAP
IFRS has gradually become the global standard for financial reporting. Hungary adopted IFRS for the individual financial reporting of listed entities in 2017. The objective of this paper is to assess the impacts of IFRS adoption on the individual financial statements of Hungarian listed entities. We study this using a statistical methodology composed of two parts, between the Hungarian Accounting Act (HAA) and the IFRS financial statements. We use a sample of 24 companies listed on the Budapest Stock Exchange (BSE). The first part concerning the Gray’s comparability index was used to assess the degree of conservatism after IFRS adoption. Results showed neutrality for most of the variables, indicating a limited impact of IFRS adoption. The second part, concerning the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, was tested using a subset of variables for 2015, and the complete set of variables for 2016. The results were inconclusive. The 2016 dataset had statistical significance for more favourable IFRS values in numerous variables. Significant findings include differences in profit, return on equity, and solvency ratio 2 (liability to equity) at a 10% significance level. However, the 2015 dataset had no statistical significance for any of the variables tested. Consequently, we applied the Holm-Bonferroni method on the 2016 results for further robustness, due to the possibility of interdependence in the variables. The results showed no statistical significance, confirming the findings from 2015. This highlights a methodological complexity overlooked by similar studies, which do not consider controlling for false positives in the results with tests such as the Holm-Bonferroni method. To conclude, the absence of statistical significance for 2015 and 2016 strongly implies a limited initial impact of IFRS on individual financial statements in the case of Hungary.
Shifting Patterns in Payment Method Usage Before, During and After COVID-19: Insights from Maldives Transaction Data
This study investigates shifts in payment method usage in the Maldives before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic using a Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) framework. The analysis draws on aggregated quarterly transaction data from 2017 to 2024, obtained from the Maldives Monetary Authority (MMA), which includes ATM withdrawals (used as a proxy for cash), debit cards, cheques, and account transfers. Expenditure shares for each payment method are computed and analysed within the SUR framework. The model incorporates real income, inflation, pandemic and post-pandemic period dummy variables, and a time trend as explanatory factors. The results indicate a substantial and statistically significant decline in the use of cash and cheques during the pandemic, followed by further reductions in the post-COVID period. In contrast, account transfers exhibited a sustained and sharp increase. Debit card usage, however, showed no statistically significant change, suggesting limited behavioural substitution in that category. These findings identify the pandemic as a structural break that accelerated the adoption of digital payment methods in the Maldives. The evidence also points to a strong and lasting shift away from traditional payment methods toward digital alternatives in the Maldives. While such trends have been documented in larger economies, there is limited research on payment-dynamics in small island nations like the Maldives. This study contributed to the gap in literature by providing empirical evidence of how the pandemic catalysed a lasting transformation in payment practices in the Maldives—a small, tourism-dependent economy. The findings of the study underscore the need to strengthen digital financial infrastructure and ensure inclusive access during the ongoing transition.
Language Decay: A Qualitative Study of Challenges in Intergenerational Transmission of Dhivehi
This study explores the gradual decline of the Dhivehi language and the challenges of transmitting it effectively to the next generations. Drawing from scholarly perspectives on language death and sociolinguistic change, particularly the comprehensive works of UNESCO, Fishman, and Labov, the research situates the case of Dhivehi within global patterns of linguistic decay. The paper investigates whether Dhivehi is undergoing a shift towards obsolescence due to increasing influence from dominant foreign languages, particularly English. Using an exploratory qualitative approach, the study analyses naturally occurring speech data from 11 publicly available video clips featuring 21 speakers representing a range of age groups, from children to the elderly. By transcribing and examining these samples, the research identifies patterns of code-switching and code-mixing, highlighting the degree to which Dhivehi is being sidelined in daily conversation, especially among the younger population. The findings reveal that while older speakers tend to maintain clearer use of Dhivehi, younger speakers, especially children, frequently alternate between English and Dhivehi, or default or shift entirely to English. The speech analysis indicates not only a weakening of linguistic transmission but also indicate an inadequacy in the availability and usage of appropriate Dhivehi vocabulary for everyday modern life. The study also notes limitations in institutional and societal efforts to elevate the status of Dhivehi in both spoken and written forms. The findings suggest a pressing need for institutional and societal initiatives to revitalise and elevate the status of Dhivehi, particularly in response to the growing dominance and perceived prestige of English in media, education, and digital communication. The findings have implications for stronger language planning, public awareness campaigns, and integration of Dhivehi into contemporary domains to ensure intergenerational transmission and cultural continuity. ބަސް ފަނިކެއުން: އަންނަން އޮތް ޖީލަށް ދިވެހިބަސް ފޯރުވުމަށް ހުރި ގޮންޖެހުންތަކުގެ ސިފަވީ ދިރާސާއެއް މުޖުމަލު މި ދިރާސާގެ ބޭނުމަކީ އަންނަން އޮތް ޖީލުތަކަށް ދިވެހިބަސް ފޯރުވުމުގައި ގޮންޖެހުންތަކެއް ހުރިކަމަށް ވަކާލާތުކޮށް، މަސްލަހަތުވެރިންގެ ސަމާލުކަމަށް ގެނައުމެވެ. ޔުނެސްކޯގެ 'އެންޑެންޖަރޑް ލޭންގުއެޖަސް' މަޝްރޫއާއި މި ދާއިރާގެ ޢިލްމުވެރީން ބަހުގެ އިޖުތިމާއީ ބަދަލުތަކާ ބެހޭގޮތުން ހުށަހަޅުއްވާފައިވާ ޢިލްމީ ނަޒަރިއްޔާތުތަކަށް ބުރަވެ، މި ދިރާސާގެ މަގުސަދަކީ ނެތިދިއުމުގެ މަރުޙަލާތަކަށް ދިވެހިބަސް ހުރަހެޅިފައިވޭތޯ ބެލުމާ އެކު، އެކަން އެ ގޮތަށް ފެންނަ ނަމަ، ދިވެހިބަހުގެ ނެތިދިއުމުގެ ނުވަތަ ބަސް 'ފަނިކެއުމުގެ' އަދުގެ ހާލަތު ގިންތިކުރުމެވެ. ބަސް ނެތިދިއުމަށް މެދުވެރިވާ ސަބަބުތަކުގެ ތެރޭގައި، ބަސް މައްސުނިކުރުމާއި ބަސް ބަދަލުވެ ފުރޮޅުމުގެ މަރުޙަލާތަކެއް ކަޑައްތުކުރެއެވެ. މި ދިރާސާ ކުރިއަށްގެންދިޔައީ 'އެކްސްޕްލޮރޭޓަރީ' ސިފަވީ ދިރާސާއެއްގެ ގޮތުގައި، އިޖުތިމާއީބަހަވީ ބަސްދީގަތުމުގެ ތަރީގާ އަސްލަކަށް ބަލައިގެންނެވެ. މިގޮތުން، އެކި އުމުރުގެ 21 މީހެއްގެ ބަސްމޮށުމުގައި ދިވެހިބަސް ބޭނުންކުރާ ގޮތާއި ދިވެހިބަހާ އެކު އެހެން ބަހެއް ބޭނުންކުރުމުގައި ކޯޑު-ސުއިޗުކުރުމާއި ކޯޑު-މައްސުނިކުރުމުގެ މިންވަރު އަދި ސިޔާގު ތަޙުލީލުކުރީމެވެ. އެގޮތުން ދިވެހީންގެ ދުވަހީ ދިރިއުޅުމުގެ މުއާޞަލާތު ފެންނަ، 11 ވީޑިއޯ ކިލިޕެއް ހޮވީ ސަބަބީ ސުންކުގެ އިސްތިރާޖަށް ބުރަވެއެވެ. ހޯދުންތަކުން ފެންނަގޮތުގައި، ކުޑަކުދިންނާއި ޒުވާން އާބާދީގެ މެދުގައި ދިވެހިބަސް އެއްފަރާތްކުރެވެމުންދާ ކަމާއި، އުމުރުން ދުވަސްވީ މީހުން ސާފު ދިވެހިބަހުން މުއާޞަލާތުކުރާއިރު، މެދުއުމުރުގެ މީހުންގެ ބަސްމަގުގައި އިނގިރޭސިބަހާއި ދިވެހިބަހުގެ ކޯޑު-މައްސުނިކުރުމާއި، ޒުވާނުން ކޯޑު-ސުއިޗުކުރުން ގިނަ ކަމަށާއި، ކުޑަކުދިންގެ މެދުގައި އޮތީ ބަސް މައްސުނިކުރުމަށް ވުރެ ބޮޑަށް ބަސް ފުރޮޅުން ކަމުގައި ހާމަވެއެވެ. އަދި، ބިދޭސީ މަސައްކަތްތެރިންނަށް ބަރޯސާވެފައިވާ ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ މުޖުތަމަޢުގައި ޚިދުމަތް ހޯދުމަށް ޓަކައި ދިވެހިބަސް ނުފުދޭ ކަމުގެ އިޝާރާތްތައް ވެސް ފެނެއެވެ. މީގެ އިތުރުން، ދިވެހި ކުޑަކުދީން ދިވެހިބަސް ދޫކޮށް، އިނގިރޭސިބަސް އިސްކުރާ ކަމާއި، އިނގިރޭސިބަހަކީ އެ ކުދިންގެ މާދަރީބަހުގެ ގޮތުގައި ދޭހަވާ މިންވަރަށް އިނގިރޭސިބަހުގެ އަޑުމަޚުރަޖަށް އަހުލުވެރިވުމާއި ދިވެހިބަހަށް ބީރައްޓެހިކަން ފެނެއެވެ. މި ކަންކަމުން ދޭހަވަނީ ޖީލުތަކުގެ ދެމެދު ބަސް ފޯރުވުމުގައި ދިވެހިބަހަށް ގޮންޖެހުން ދިމާވަމުންދާ ކަމާއި އަދުގެ ޓެކްނޮލޮޖީގެ ބަވަނަ ދުނިޔޭގެ ދުވަހީ ދިރިއުޅުމާއި ދުނިޔަވީ ކަންކަމުގައި ފުދުންހުރި މިންވަރަށް ދިވެހިބަހުގެ ބަސްކޮށާރު މުއްސަނދިވެފައި ނުވުމާ އެކު، ބަސް ފަނިކެއުމާއި މަރުވުމުގެ މަރުޙަލާތަކުގެ ނިޝާންތައް އަދު ފެންނަކަމެވެ. މިއީ ދިވެހިބަސް ނުރައްކަލަށްހުރަހެޅުމުގެ ނިޝާންތަކެއް ކަމުގައި އިޝާރާތްކުރެއެވެ. މި ހޯދުންތަކުގެ ސަބަބުން، ދިވެހިބަހުގެ ރޭވުން ހަރުދަނާކުރުމަށާއި ރައްޔިތުން ހޭލުންތެރިކުރުވުމުގެ ކެމްޕޭނުތައް ހިންގުމާއި، ޖީލުން ޖީލަށް ދިވެހިބަސް ފޯރުވުމަށް ޓަކައި ޒަމާނީ ކަންކަމުގެ ތެރޭގައި ދިވެހިބަސް ބޭނުންކުރުން އާންމުކުރުމުގައި އިދާރީ ގޮތުންނާއި އިޖުތިމާއީގޮތުން އިސްތިރާޖީ ވިސްނުން ކުރިއަށްނެރެ، ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޤައުމީބަސް ކަމުގައިވާ ދިވެހިބަހުގެ ޝަރަފާއި ގަދަރަށް ސަމާލުކަންދިނުމަށް މަގުދައްކައެވެ.
Comparative Historical Dialectology of Standard Dhivehi and the Maliku Dialect (Mahl Language): Insights from Corpus Analysis
Dialects represent variations of a language in vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and usage, often shaped by regional proximity, social distinctions, and cultural or historical influences. This study explores the historical evolution of the standard Dhivehi language through the lens of historical dialectology by conducting a comparative analysis of standard Dhivehi and the Maliku dialect, known as the Mahl language in India and referred to as the Maliku dialect in the Maldives. The main aim is to identify lexical differences between the two and trace the historical linguistic shifts.This qualitative study employs corpus analysis using the Malikthaanaa textbook, published in the mid-20th century to teach Mahl in Minicoy schools. A corpus of 1,035 phrases from the first 15 pages was analysed for similarities and differences between the Mahl and standard Dhivehi language, as two distinct dialects. Findings reveal that 56% of the phrases from the Maliku dialect match the current standard Dhivehi. Among the differences, most involve minor morphological or phonological variations. Remarkably, 1 in 12 words from the corpus aligns with older standard Dhivehi usage, suggesting linguistic changes over time. Additionally, the Maliku dialect retains a richer vocabulary for kinship terms compared to contemporary standard Dhivehi. Although the study is limited by the small size of the corpus and reliance on a single source, it highlights the potential of dialectological research to deepen our understanding of Dhivehi’s linguistic heritage. The findings underscore the importance of further research to enhance and preserve the Dhivehi language. މީޔާރު ދިވެހިބަހާއި މަލިކު ބަހުރުވަ ނުވަތަ މަހަލް ބަސް: ބަހުރުވައިގެ ތާރީޚީ ތަފާތުތައް ދެނެގަތުމުގެ ބަސްމާފާނު ތަހުލީލު ޚުލާޞާ ބަހުރުވައަކީ ބަހެއްގެ އަޑުމަޚުރަޖުގެ ތަފާތު ނުވަތަ އަޑުގެ ތަފާތު ނުވަތަ 'ލެކްސިކަލް' ތަފާތުތަކާ އެކު އެ ބަހަކުން ވާހަކަދައްކާ ތަފާތު ގޮތްތަކެކެވެ. ބަސްބަހުގެ މިފަދަ ތަފާތު ބަހުރުވަތައް އުފެދުމުގެ ސަބަބުތަކުގެ ތެރޭގައި ސަރަހައްދީ ކައިރި-ދުރުމިނާއި، އިޖުތިމާއީ ތަފާތުތަކާއި، ސަގާފީ ނުވަތަ ތާރީޚީ ކަންކަން ހިމެނެއެވެ. މި ދިރާސާގެ ބޭނުމަކީ ދިވެހިބަހުގެ ބަހުރުވައެއްކަމުގައި ބެލެވޭ (އިންޑިޔާގެ) މަހަލްބަހާއި މީޔާރު ދިވެހިބަސް އަޅައިބެލުމާ އެކު، މީޔާރު ދިވެހިބަހަށް އައިސްފައިވާ ބަދަލުތައް 'ހިސްޓޮރިކަލް ޑައެލެކްޓޮލޮޖީ'ގެ ނަޒަރިއްޔާ ބޭނުންކޮށްގެން، ތާރީޚީ ނަޒަރަކުން ވަޒަންކުރުމެވެ. މިގޮތުން މި ދިރާސާގެ އަމާޒަކީ މި ދެ ބަހުރުވައިގެ ދެމެދުގައިވާ ލެކްސިކަލް ތަފާތުތަކަށް އަލިއަޅުވައިލުމެވެ. މި މަސައްކަތް ކުރިއަށް ގެންދިޔައީ ސިފަވީ ދިރާސާގެ ތަރީގާއެއްކަމުގައި ހިމެނޭ 'ޓެކްސްޓް އެނެލިސިސް' ބޭނުންކޮށްގެން ބަސްމާފާނެއް ('ކޯޕަސް'އެއް) އެކުލަވައިލުމަށް ފަހު، އެ ޖުމުލަތަކާއި ލަފުޒުތައް 'ކޯޕަސް ލިންގުއިސްޓިކްސް'ގެ އުސޫލުން ތަހުލީލުކޮށްގެންނެވެ. މިގޮތުން ތަހުލީލު ކުރުމަށް 'ޕާޕަސިވް ސާމްޕްލިންގް'ގެ އުސޫލުން ސުންކުގެ ގޮތުގައި ނެގި ފުރޭފަކީ 1900ގެ އަހަރުތަކުގެ މެދެއްހާ ހިސާބުގައި އެކުލަވާލާފައިވާ 'މަލިކުތާނާ' ފޮތެވެ. މިގޮތުން، މިފޮތުގެ ފުރަތަމަ 15 ސަފުހާގައި އޮތް ހުރިހާ ލަފުޒެއް (1035 ލަފުޒު) ސިފަވީ އުސޫލުން ދެނެގަނެ ތަހުލީލުކޮށް، މީޔާރު ދިވެހިބަހުގައި އެ ލަފުޒުތަކާ ހުރި އެއްގޮތް ނުވަތު ތަފާތު ދެނެގަނެ، ޑޭޓާ އިތުރަށް ތިލަކުރެވުނެވެ. ތަހުލީލުކޮށް ހޯދުނު ހޯދުންތަކުން ހާމަވާ ގޮތުގައި މީގެ ފަންސާހަކަށް އަހަރު ކުރީގެ މަލިކު ބަހުރުވައާ މިހާރުގެ މީޔާރު ދިވެހިބަހާ ބަރާބަރަށް އެއްގޮތީ 56 އިންސައްތަ ލަފުޒުކަމުގައި ބުނެވިދާނެއެވެ. ނަމަވެސް ތަފާތުތަކުގެ ގޮތުގައި ފާހަގަކުރެވުނު ލަފުޒުތަކުގެ ތެރެއިން ވެސް ގިނަ ލަފުޒުތަކަކީ ހަމައެކަނި ލަފުޒުގެ އަޑު ('ފޮނެޓިކްސް') ނުވަތަ އެކައެއްގެ ('މޯފީމެއް'ގެ) ތަފާތުން ކުދިކުދި ފަރަގު ހުރި ލަފުޒުތަކެކެވެ. އެންމެ ފާހަގަކޮށްލެވޭ ހޯދުމަކީ ތަހުލީލުކުރެވުނު ބަސްމާފާނުގެ ކޮންމެ 12 ލަފުޒުން 1 ލަފުޒަކީ ދިވެހީން އިހުގައި ބޭނުންކޮށް، ނަމަވެސް މީޔާރު ދިވެހިބަހުގައި މިހާރު އާންމުކޮށް ބޭނުން ނުކުރާ، ނުވަތަ ބޭނުންކުރާ މާނަ ތަފާތުވެފައިވާ ލަފުޒެވެ. މިފަދަ ލަފުޒުތަކުގެ ތެރޭގައި މޮށުން، މުންޑާހި، ރާހަތްތެރިކަން ފަދަ ލަފުޒުތައް ފާހަގަކޮށްލެވެއެވެ. މީގެއިތުރުން ޢާއިލާގެ މީހުންނަށް މުޚާޠިބުކުރާ ބަދަލު ނަންތަކުގައި މީޔާރު ދިވެހިބަހަށް ވުރެ މުއްސަނދި ބަސްކޮށާރެއް މަލިކުބަހުރުވައިގައި ހުރިކަމަށް ފެނުނެވެ. މި ދިރާސާގެ ޙުދޫދުގެ ތެރޭގައި ހިމަނާފައި ވަނީ ހަމައެކަނި އެންމެ ފުރޭފަކަށް ބަރޯސާވެ އެކުލަވައިލެވުނު ބަސްމާފާނެއްކަމުގައި ވާތީ މިފަދަ ނިންމުންތައް ނިންމުމުގައި އަދިވެސް އިތުރަށް ބަލަން ޖެހޭ ކަމަށް ފާހަގަކުރަމެވެ. އެހެނަސް، މި ހޯދުނު ހޯދުންތަކަކީ، މަލިކުބަހުރުވަ ހިމެނޭހެން، ދިވެހި ބަހުރުވައިގެ ދިރާސާކުރުމުގައާއި ދިވެހިބަހުގެ ބަސްކޮށާރު މުއްސަނދިކުރުމުގައި ވެސް މަންފާކުރާނޭ މަސައްކަތެކެވެ.
Copyright (c) 2024 The Maldives National Journal of Research
Post-angioplasty patients’ early experiences aftertreatment at the National Cardiac Centre of Maldives at the Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital
Coronary angioplasty has been performed widely all over the world and is effective in reducing complications and shortening the length of hospital stay. Post-angioplasty patients undergo both positive and negative experiences in the early recovery period, which significantly affects their overall well-being. However, little is known about patients’ post-angioplasty experiences in the Maldivian context. Therefore, this research study aimed to explore post-angioplasty patients’ experiences related to changes in their lives within two to six weeks after angioplasty from the National Cardiac Centre NCC of Maldives. Using a qualitative phenomenological study design, a purposive sample of six patients who were within two to six weeks after coronary angioplasty participated in individual face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed by using the Colaizzi (1978) process of data analysis. Six themes emerged from the analysis, which reflects the recovery experiences of patients after angioplasty. Themes included support from family and co-workers, seeking self-control and attempting to adjust to the current situation, adapting to lifestyle changes for a better quality of living, looking for specific information, fear of resuming physical activities, and feeling vulnerable/traumatized after angioplasty. The study’s findings provided insight into the recovery period after angioplasty, unveiling unique knowledge related to patients’ experience during the early post-angioplasty period and will subsequently help nurses and other healthcare professionals plan more patient-centered care to produce better patient outcomes.
Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Romantic Attachment in Adults with Gender as a Moderating Variable
Attachment is an intrinsic relational mechanism that influences individuals' perceptions, behaviours, and relationships. Extensive research has consistently linked parenting styles to attachment patterns in adulthood. This study aimed to examine the relationship between parenting styles and romantic attachment in adults and whether gender served as a moderating variable. A total of 146 students (128 females, 18 males) from Maldives National University, aged 18 to 49, who were either married or in a dating relationship completed an online survey assessing parenting styles using the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) and romantic attachment styles using the Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) Scale. Results of correlational analyses revealed that perceived authoritarian parenting had a positive association with attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance, suggesting an insecure attachment pattern. Permissive and authoritative parenting styles negatively correlated with these attachment dimensions, reflecting a secure romantic attachment. Contrary to expectations, gender did not moderate these relationships. The study's limitations include a gender imbalance and a focus on perceived maternal parenting styles only. The results have practical implications for therapeutic interventions, parenting practices, and educational programs aimed at fostering secure attachments. Additionally, they highlight the need for future research to explore other moderating variables and longitudinal effects of parenting on attachment across diverse cultural contexts.
Environmental data through de-centralised collection: An assessment of environmental data sovereignty in Maldives
Environmental data collected independently for research or development projects presents a valuable opportunity for Least Developed Countries and dispersed Small Island Nations (LDCs/SINs) to obtain regular, long-term, information about their ecosystems without the typical financial and logistical challenges. However, effectively utilizing this independently collected environmental data requires a robust data governance approach which establishes the principles of data sovereignty. This study evaluates the data governance principles and data management mechanisms needed to gather, host, and disseminate de-centrally collected environmental data so that it can be used for sustainable development and informed decision-making. Using the 1200+ dispersed islands of the Maldives as a case study, this research examines the existing national environmental regulatory framework of the country within the context of environmental data management, to better understand the challenges associated with governance of de-centrally collected data and thereby derive recommendations for improvement. Limited technical infrastructure and capacity to securely store and host environmental data is identified as potentially being at the root of a lack of enforcement of existing regulations that govern the consolidation of data currently collected by third parties in the Maldives. Moreover, where data is available, conflicting mandates within the legal framework of the roles of different levels of government create barriers to collaboration and data sharing, leading to duplication of collection and management efforts. These challenges appear to be commonly faced by other LDCs/SINs. Recommendations for improvement included legally defining government roles, developing a national data management system, and reforming the research permit system. The results of this study provide a reference for other LDCs/ SINs on mechanisms to efficiently gather, host, and make accessible data collected within national borders by independent researchers or during development activities, so that it can be used to effectively manage the environment and safeguard their environment, culture, and economy.
Perceptions and Readiness of Nurses, Nurse Educators, and Nursing Students Towards the Incorporation of Micro-Credentials
Micro-credentials are increasingly important in nursing as healthcare knowledge rapidly evolves. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the study explored the perceptions and readiness of nurses, nurse educators, and nursing students regarding the incorporation of micro-credentials to advance their career goals and employability. Qualitative interviews were conducted among 5 final-year students, 6 senior lecturers at the School of Nursing (SN), the Maldives National University, and 6 nurse managers from three tertiary hospitals in the Maldives. Perspectives and readiness regarding the understanding of micro-credentials and the factors influencing their implementation in nursing were identified among students, nurse educators, and nurse managers. Additionally, nurse educators and nurse managers discussed the importance of establishing a micro-credential framework, aligning this framework with regulatory bodies, and its broader implications. The study provides valuable insights into stakeholders’ readiness, preferences, and expectations, highlighting key perspectives on fostering flexible and modular learning pathways for the nursing profession.
Knowledge and Awareness of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Its Determinants Among Undergraduates Aged 18–45 at the Maldives National University
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting 1 in 7 women of reproductive age. Despite its prevalence, there is a notable lack of knowledge about PCOS globally, underscoring the need for greater awareness to support informed decision-making. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of PCOS and its determinants among undergraduates aged 18-45 at the Maldives National University (MNU). A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among students, with 305 participants responding to the survey, achieving an 85% response rate. Stratified probability sampling was employed to recruit eligible participants. Data were collected via Google Forms from May to August 2024. Participants were predominantly aged 18-24 (56.4%), with females comprising 72.9% of respondents. Among female participants, 33.9% had been medically diagnosed with PCOS, while 78% knew someone with the condition. Social media (65.4%) and healthcare professionals (64.9%) were the primary sources of information. Recognised symptoms included irregular periods (95.4%), while family history (83.0%) was the most commonly identified risk factor. Stress (92.8%) and infertility (88.5%) were highlighted as significant psychological impacts and long-term complications, respectively. Blood tests (80.3%) and medical history (78.3%) were frequently cited diagnostic tools, while exercise (91.8%) and a balanced diet (88.9%) were emphasised as key treatment strategies. Knowledge was highest for symptoms (67.8%) and lowest for risk factors (58.7%) and long-term complications (50.7%). Significant associations were found between PCOS awareness and both field of study and marital status (p<0.001), while age (p=0.806) and educational status (p=0.76) showed no significant impact. With an overall knowledge score of 62.3%, the findings indicate a moderate yet insufficient understanding of PCOS among MNU undergraduates, highlighting the need for targeted educational interventions.
Exploring Tourism Diversification: The Case of the Maldives
In 2023, the Maldives was named the world’s leading travel destination for the fourth consecutive year, owing to its outstanding natural attractions. Consequently, Maldives’ Fifth Tourism Master Plan sets a new vision to lead the world in sustainable tourism, provide the best visitor experiences, and achieve a $6 billion annual international tourism target by 2027. This research primarily aimed to investigate the feasibility of tourism diversification in the Maldives. The specific objectives were: (i) to assess the level of confidence among tourism industry stakeholders regarding the geographical dispersion of tourism in the Maldives, and (ii) to identify key bottlenecks and recommend strategies to support successful tourism diversification. The research sample consisted of 30 tourism industry professionals and policymakers in the Maldives. Data were collected through surveys, interviews, and the analysis of secondary sources, such as government reports, industry publications, and academic literature. The collected data were analysed using SPSS, and NVivo. The findings offer valuable insights into tourism diversification in the Maldives, focusing on areas such as investment, marketing, skills development, and stakeholder collaboration. The study concludes that tourism diversification is viable, with new segments such as eco-tourism, coastal tourism, and wellness tourism enhancing competitiveness, broadening appeal, and fostering industry growth. It suggests short, medium, and long-term strategies to address the challenges identified, including infrastructure gaps, environmental sustainability, sociocultural impacts, and human resource skill shortages. However, success will require collaboration among all stakeholders, including the government and local communities, to address bottlenecks and implement the recommended mitigation strategies. This research contributes to a better understanding of tourism diversification in small island nations. Further research is needed to identify specific actions by stakeholders and mechanisms required for implementing the diversification strategies.
Predominant Factors in Perceptions of Climate Change: The Case of University and College Students in the Marshall Islands and Kiribati
This study identifies key factors influencing perceptions of climate change among college students in the Marshall Islands and Kiribati. Using Random Forest analysis on survey data from 271 students, the research reveals distinct patterns in each country. In the Marshall Islands, dominant factors include trust in media, community discussions, and family conversations. In Kiribati, internet information, media trust, formal education, and religious beliefs play significant roles. While both nations exhibit strong media influence, the Marshall Islands demonstrates greater impact from traditional social structures, whereas Kiribati shows more influence from education and religion. These findings highlight the complex interplay of information sources, social structures, and cultural factors in shaping climate change perceptions in atoll nations. The study suggests that tailored approaches may be necessary for effective climate change education and adaptation strategies in different cultural contexts.
Expanding and Updating the Dhivehi Language Corpus: Challenges and Issues
In today’s globalised world, rapid technological and conceptual advancements demand the creation of new terminologies. The Dhivehi language faces significant challenges in keeping pace, leading to gaps that complicate writing and translation, often resulting in a loss of meaning. Additionally, some newly introduced terms by the authorities fail to gain public acceptance and sometimes are ridiculed on social media platforms, undermining the language’s relevance, particularly among younger generations. This study examines the challenges of Dhivehi vocabulary development, focusing on its adequacy for specialised fields and modern technological contexts. A mixed-methods approach was used, involving an online survey of 302 respondents from seven sectors—religion, technology, education, health, media, legal, and security—and focus group discussions with 27 stakeholders from these areas. Findings from the Focus Group Discussions reveal that the Dhivehi Language Academy adheres to established linguistic principles in creating and introducing new words. However, 55% of survey respondents found newly coined terms misaligned with loanwords or concepts, making them difficult to understand and adopt. Additionally, the prevalence of English in daily life and the prior use of English terms before Dhivehi equivalents are introduced further impede their adoption. Participants highlighted significant gaps in Dhivehi vocabulary in specialised fields such as technology and healthcare. They also stressed the importance of organic language evolution and suggested incorporating widely used expressions from newspapers and media. The study concludes that Dhivehi requires a more inclusive and context-sensitive approach to vocabulary expansion to align with native speakers’ linguistic habits and meet contemporary needs. ދިވެހިބަހުގެ ބަސްކޮށާރު އަދާހަމަކުރުން: ގޮންޖެހުންތަކާއި މައްސަލަތައް ޚުލާޞާ ބަވަނަވެފައިވާ ދުނިޔެ ތަރައްގީވަމުންދާ ހަލުވި ދުވެލީގައި، އެކި ދާއިރާތަކުގެ އާ އީޖާދުތަކާ އެކު، އާ މަފުހޫމުތަކާއި އާ ލަފުޒުތައް އުފެދެއެވެ. މިގޮތަށް އުފެދޭ އާ މަފުހޫމުތަކަށް ކިޔާނެ ނަންނަން ދިވެހިބަހުގައި ނުހުންނަ ކަމަށާއި ދިވެހިބަހުން ހަދާ ބައެއް އާ ލަފުޒުތައް އާންމުން ބަލައިނުގަނެ، އެފަދަ ލަފުޒުތަކަށް، މީސްމީޑިއާގައި ހަޖޫޖަހާފައި ހުރެއެވެ. އަދި ދިވެހިބަހުން ލިޔުމާއި ބިދޭސީ ލިޔުންތައް ތަރުޖަމާކުރުމުގައި، މުހިންމު މަފުހޫމުތަކަށް ބޭނުންވާ ލަފުޒުތައް ދިވެހިބަހުގައި ނުހުންނަ ކަމަށާއި މީގެ ސަބަބުން ތަރުޖަމާކުރުމުގައި މާނަ ގެއްލެން މެދުވެރިވާކަމަށް ވެއެވެ. މި ދިރާސާގެ ބޭނުމަކީ ދިވެހިބަހުގެ ބަސްކޮށާރު އަދާހަމަކުރުމުގެ ޙާލަތާއި ގޮންޖެހުންތައް ދެނެގަތުމެވެ. މިގޮތުން މައިގަނޑު މަގުސަދަކީ ޚާއްޞަ ދާއިރާތަކަށާއި ޒަމާނުގެ ޓެކުނޮލޮޖީއަށް އަދާހަމަ ލަފުޒުތައް ދިވެހިބަހުން އެބަހުރިތޯއާއި، ދިވެހިބަހަށް ލަފުޒުތައް އިތުރުކުރުމުގައި ދިމާވާ ގޮންޖެހުންތަކާއި މައްސަލަތައް ދެނެގަތުމެވެ. މި ދިރާސާ ފަރުމާކޮށްފައިވަނީ މިންކުރުމާއި ސިފަކުރުމުގެ މައްސުނި ތަރީގާތުގެ މައްޗަށެވެ. މިގޮތުން، އޮންލައިން ސާވޭ ކަރުދާހެއް މެދުވެރިކޮށް މައުލޫމާތު އެއްކުރުމަށްފަހު، އެ ހޯދުންތަކަށް ރިއާޔަތްކޮށް، ގުރޫޕު މަޝްވަރާތަކެއް ކުރިއަށް ގެންދެވުނެވެ. ސުންކުގެ ގޮތުގައި ބައިވެރިން ހިމަނާފައިވާނީ ދީނީ، ޓެކުނޮލޮޖީ، ތަޢުލީމީ، ޞިއްޙީ، މީޑިއާ، ޤާނޫނީ، އަދި ސަލާމަތީ ބާރުތައް، މި 7 ދާއިރާގެ މަސްލަހަތުވެރިން ހިމެނޭ ގޮތަށެވެ. މިގޮތުން ސާވޭގެ ސުންކަކީ 302 މީހުންނެވެ. ގުރޫޕު މަޝްވަރާތަކުގައި، މަސްލަހަތުވެރިންގެ 27 މީހަކާ އެކު ކުދި ގުރޫޕުތަކުގައި މަޝްވަރާކުރެވުނެވެ. ދިރާސާގެ ހޯދުންތައް ދައްކާ ގޮތުގައި ބަސްކޮށާރަށް އާ ލަފުޒުތައް އިތުރުކުރުމަށް ދިވެހިބަހުގެ އެކެޑަމީގެ ބަސްކޮމިޓީން ދިވެހި ލަފުޒުތައް އުފައްދަނީ އެ ކޮމިޓީން ކަނޑައަޅާފައި އޮންނަ އުސޫލާ އެއްގޮތަށެވެ. ނަމަވެސް މިގޮތަށް އުފައްދާ ބައެއް ލަފުޒުތަކަކީ ބިދޭސީ އަސްލު ލަފުޒާ މާ ބޮޑު ގުޅުމެއް އޮންނަ ލަފުޒުތަކެއް ނޫންކަމަށާއި އެ ފަދަ ބައެއް ދިވެހި ލަފުޒުތައް ކިޔުމާއި މާނަދޭހަކުރާން އުނދަގޫވާ ކަމަށް ސާވޭގެ 55% ބައިވެރިން ދެކެއެވެ. ބަހުގެ ތަބީޢީ ގޮތަށް އާ ލަފުޒު އުފެއްދިއަސް ވެސް، އިނގިރޭސިބަހަށް ދިވެހިންގެ މެދުގައި އޮންނަ ސަމާލުކަމާއި ދިވެހިން އެ ބަހަށް ފަރިތަވެފައިވާ މިންވަރު ބޮޑުކަމުން ދިވެހިބަހުން އުފައްދާ އާ ލަފުޒުން އިނގިރޭސި ލަފުޒުން ބުނެދޭ މާނަ ދޭހަނުވަނީ ކަމަށް ގަބޫލުކޮށް، ދިވެހި ލަފުޒު ބޭނުންނުކުރެވެއެވެ. ބަހަކީ އުފައްދާ އެއްޗަކަށް ވުރެ ބޮޑަށް އުފެދޭ އެއްޗެއްކަމަށް ވީހިނދު، ނޫސްތަކާއި މީޑިއާތަކުގައި އެ ލަފުޒު އާންމުކޮށް ބޭނުންކުރާ ގޮތެއް ވެސް ބަލައިގެން، އެ ލަފުޒަކަށް ގެންނާންވީ ބަދަލެއް އޮތިއްޔާ ގެނެސްގެން، ބަސްކޮށާރަށް ލަފުޒު އިތުރުކުރުން މުހިންމު ކަމަށް ބައެއް ބައިވެރިން ފާހަގަކުރިއެވެ. ހޯދުންތަކަށް ރިއާޔަތްކުރުމުން ފާހަގަކުރެވެނީ އެކި ދާއިރާތަކަށް ބޭނުންވާ އެންމެ އެކަށޭނަ މިންވަރަށް ދިވެހި ލަފުޒު އުފެއްދިފައި ނެތްކަމާއި، ދިވެހިބަހުގެ ބަސްކޮށާރު އަދާހަމަކުރުމުގައި ބަހުގެ ތަބީޢީ ގޮތަށް ލަފުޒު އުފެއްދުން މުހިންމުކަމާއި، ދިވެހިބަހަށް ބޭރު ބަސްބަހުގެ ލަފުޒެއް އެތެރެކުރަންޖެހޭ ދަނޑިވަޅުތަކުގައި ލަފުޒު ހެދުން އަވަސްކުރުން މުހިންމުކަމެވެ.
Factors Affecting Diabetic Foot Ulcer Among Patients Presenting to Wound Care Clinics Across the Maldives
Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU), with an estimated lifetime risk of 25% in diabetic patients, is one of the most disastrous complications of diabetes due to its protracted course of illness and susceptibility to infections. This study aims to assess the factors associated with DFU among adult patients attending to Wound Care Clinics across the Maldives. This hospital-based, case-control study included 61 patients with DFU presented to five government hospitals across the Maldives between April 2023 and April 2024. The control group comprised of 61 diabetic patients without DFU, matched to cases by age group and sex in a 1:1 ratio. Patient demographics and data on all variables considered in the study were collected directly from patients and their hospital clinical records. Chi-square tests were used to assess the association between the variables and DFU. Significant variables were further analyzed using Logistic Regression Models in IBM® SPSS® version 23. The results show that there was an increased likelihood of DFU in patients with an HbA1c level more than 7.5% [OR=2.42, p=0.019, 95% CI: 1.159 – 5.036], on insulin therapy [OR=4.65, p<0.001, 95% CI: 2.101 – 10.288], on Oral Hypoglycemic Agent (OHA) & insulin combination therapy [OR=4.33, p=0.001, 95% CI: 1.860 – 10.068], medication non-compliance [OR=13.2, p<0.001, 95% CI: 4.929– 35.351], Loss of Protective Sensation (LOPS) [OR=27.1, p<0.001, 95% CI: 6.197 – 366.358], Diabetic Neuropathy [OR=27.1, p=0.002, 95% CI: 3.497 – 210.670], and chronic kidney disease [OR=3.0, p=0.019, 95% CI: 1.194 – 7.520]. The risk factors associated with DFU include HbA1c > 7.5%, insulin therapy, insulin and OHA combination therapy, non-compliance to diabetic medications, LOPS, diabetic neuropathy, and CKD. Highest risk of DFU is associated with loss of protective sensation, diabetic neuropathy, and Non-compliance to diabetic medications. Therefore, early interventions to achieve optimal glycemic control and routine screening for diabetic complications must be prioritized to reduce the risk of DFU. Additionally, strategies to improve medication compliance should be integrated into clinical care settings.
The Sustainability of Corporate E-training Programmes : A Conceptual Paper
This review focuses on the sustainability of corporate e-training programs in Sri Lanka and the Maldives. The increasing adoption of electronic training across diverse industries worldwide is driven by factors such as cost-effectiveness, time efficiency, and easy access to learning resources. A key advantage is the ability to effectively align resources for employees dispersed across different locations within the same organization. However, despite these benefits, the literature highlights several challenges in aligning employees with e-training platforms. These challenges include employees’ technology self-efficacy and technology-related anxiety. Additionally, research suggests that cultural differences across countries could significantly impact the sustainability of these e-training programmes. The approach highlights how cultural differences influence organisational perspectives on employee development and e-training adoption. The literature review was conducted using databases including SAGE, Emerald, Elsevier, and Google Scholar. The objective of this review is to identify the influencing factors for the sustainability of e-training programs. In the proposed conceptual framework, the sustainability of e-training is identified as the dependent variable. Technology self-efficacy serves as the independent variable, while cultural aspects function as a moderating variable. Additionally, technology anxiety acts as a mediating variable influencing the relationship between technology self-efficacy and the sustainability of e-training. The findings suggest that technology self-efficacy, anxiety, and cultural variation are critical determinants of e-training sustainability. Future research can expand on these relationships and test the framework empirically.
A Framework for Promoting Diverse Visual Media Content in The Maldives
The creation of visually diverse media content is significant in the context of Maldivian media landscape. This research aims to explore how it is possible to enhance the representation of Maldivian narratives and the connection to the local audience in the media content. Previous studies have found cultural and linguistic diversity, gender equality in newsrooms and the audiences’ interest in local news (Friedland et al., 2012) but there is a research gap that presents a framework for implementing these objectives. The need to develop a sustainable and open media environment for citizen journalists and creatives to produce meaningful and socially relevant content is the motivation for this research. To address the research questions of this study, data was collected using a mixed method through surveys to understand public opinion and the current state of media in the Maldives. The results indicate that local content is highly valued and that financial assistance for media practitioners is needed. Moreover, the research suggests the need to monitor and assess the quality of content, willingness to pay for quality content, ensure media freedom, and engage with the vulnerable groups. The implication of these findings also support the idea that the media industry has to embrace disability as an investment on the future workforce and active audience to gain its credibility.
Postgraduate student’s perception of using peer review as a pedagogical tool
Peer review is a widely used pedagogical tool in higher education. It involves students providing feedback for their peers’ work, thus contributing to the assessment process alongside or instead of instructors to improve the overall quality of the final output. The purpose of this study is to explore postgraduate student nurses’ experiences of using peer review as a pedagogical tool. The paper aims to: (1) examine the perception of postgraduate students in using peer review, and (2) determine the benefits & challenges of using peer review. A phenomenological approach with a descriptive study design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analysed using thematic analysis to capture the participants’ lived experiences. The analysis revealed peer review was unanimously perceived as a beneficial pedagogical tool that enhanced the learning. Three major themes emerged: (1) implementation preferences, (2) increased engagement enhancing learning, and (3) concerns in navigating feedback. The study findings concluded that peer review is a collaborative learning strategy that empowers, motivates, and fosters active learning. Students perceived peer review to have a positive impact on their learning and as a tool that assists in improving their final output. Further research is needed to explore specific strategies and their impact on peer review and student outcomes.
Developing Self-Directed Learning Skills Through Scaffolding in Problem-Based Learning
Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is a valuable educational pedagogy for contextualising a problem to motivate learners to participate in problem-solving and deal with real-life challenges. An action research approach was utilised to demonstrate how scaffolding as a teaching strategy in a PBL module can enhance Self-Directed Learning (SDL) in undergraduate final-year nursing students. Using the scaffolding framework proposed by Van de Pol et al. (2010), the impacts of the interventions were examined using a mixed-method approach. Quantitative data analysis indicated that less than half of the students did not initially consider themselves self-directed learners. After the scaffolding interventions, 57.1% agreed they had greater ownership over their learning. Most students valued peer support and brief instructor guidance for enhancing independence, confidence, and proficiency during PBL projects. Qualitative findings highlighted student experiences, challenges, and how the module supported them in working independently and developing SDL skills.
Treatment Outcome in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome-Related Infertility
The declining fertility rate has been observed in the past few decades in Maldives. One of the most prevalent diseases that cause this complication is polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a hormonal condition that has affected 13% of women in the reproductive age group globally. This is a chronic condition where various treatment options have been used to counter the complication. In this study, we analyze the effectiveness of one of the most common treatment regimens available in Maldives, letrozole, and letrozole combined with gonadotropins, for women with PCOS-related infertility.This quantitative, retrospective study analyzes data from 2019 to 2024. The population consists of women who received treatment for infertility due to PCOS at Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital and My Clinic Private Limited, between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2023. Our total study sample was 173 patients.Using the logistic regression model, we observed that, when compared with those who were more than 35 years, patients who were less than 25 years old, had a 9.5 times more likelihood of getting pregnant. After excluding the other variables, the odds ratio for ages less than 25 years increased from 9.5 to 13.3. Furthermore, patients who are 26 to 30 years of age show a significantly higher successful outcome when other variables are adjusted. This study shows that there is a significant relationship between age and treatment outcome of PCOS-related infertility.
Unveiling Island Water Demand Patterns: A Multi-Scale Comparative Study in the Maldives
The geographical distribution of islands in the Maldives presents unique water management challenges. Despite similarities, supply water demand patterns vary across islands due to factors such as consumer behaviour, availability of alternative water sources (groundwater, rainwater), and urban density. Current design practices rely on standardised per capita values, potentially leading to over- or under-sized water systems. This research proposes a data-driven approach to establish water demand patterns that consider island characteristics. Operational data from 2023 for three Maldivian islands —HDh. Finey, M. Mulah, and Gn. Fuvahmulah —are analysed, representing contrasting land areas, populations, and urban environments. The analysis shows distinct peak demand times and minimum night flow patterns for the three islands. While the peak demand for the Gn. Fuvahmulah is higher (25 m3/hr) compared to HDh. Finey (10 m3/hr), the per capita water demand is much higher for HDh. Finey(24.45 L/capita/hr) compared to Gn. Fuvahmulah (2.72 L/capita/hr). By identifying the influence of different factors on water demand, the research aims to provide beneficial insights for policymakers, designers, and operators of water management facilities. This information can aid to optimise future water system design, minimise investment costs and enable long-term sustainability. The insights from this study can help to avoid over- or under-capacity developments, leading to lower operational costs and increasing water security for island communities.
Evaluation of Effectiveness of Cleaning-in-Place of Membranes and Optimum Period of Membrane Replacement on a Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant
Fouling reduces the performance of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membranes by causing blockage, which leads to increased differential pressure across the membrane vessels. Over time, this can reduce efficiency and the quality of permeate. The lifespan of an RO membrane depends on the quality of the feed water, the flux the membranes are subjected to (which is influenced by the percentage recovery), and the extent of scaling/fouling the membranes accumulate. Cleaning-in-place (CIP) is a commonly carried-out practice on RO plants to counteract fouling within the membranes. This study evaluates the financial impact of membrane fouling by comparing the effect of membrane replacement and CIP on the specific energy consumption (SEC) of a SWRO plant operated in the Maldives by using operational data collected between January 2018 and January 2024. The water production and energy consumption of the plant were used to calculate the SEC. A life cycle cost analysis was carried out to determine the optimum membrane replacement period. The breakeven point for replacing every 4 years as compared to replacing them in every 5 years is 5 years. The breakeven of 4-year-period membrane replacement against a scenario where only CIP is done is 6.08 years. It was found that the SEC improves by 0.07 kWh/m³ on average after CIP. Replacing the membrane every 4 years results in the lowest energy consumption and consequently the lowest cumulative cost over a 12-year period.
Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Health-Seeking Behaviors of Bangladeshi Migrant Workers Living in Malé, Maldives
Migrant workers from The People’s Republic of Bangladesh play a crucial role in the foreign labour force of the Maldivian economy, but their access to healthcare is influenced and shaped by a complex interplay of socioeconomic factors. This study investigates the intricate relationship between these factors and health-seeking behaviors among Bangladeshi migrant workers in Malé, the capital of Maldives.This is a quantitative cross-sectional study with a target sample of 400 participants identified via convenience sampling. This study is designed to assess the socioeconomic factors that influence the health-seeking behaviors of Bangladeshi migrant workers living in Malé, Maldives. A structured questionnaire administered via face-to-face interviews were used to conduct this study.The findings of the study reveal that employment categories, level of education, health insurance coverage, living and family conditions, legal status, working hours and awareness of healthcare services all influence the health-seeking behaviors of Bangladeshi migrant workers. The result of the study also highlights the challenges and barriers faced by the Bangladeshi migrant worker population in accessing healthcare in the capital city of Maldives, where language and cultural differences may be contributing to exacerbate existing disparities.This research contributes towards attaining a better understanding of the healthcare needs of Bangladeshi migrant workers in Malé and suggests recommendations aimed at improving access to healthcare services among migrant workers. By recognizing and addressing the socioeconomic determinants that impact their health-seeking behaviors, the study seeks to promote more equitable healthcare provision and eventually enhance the overall well-being of this vulnerable population.
Risk of Malnutrition and its Relationship with Surgical Complications in Patients Undergoing Surgery under The Department of Surgery of Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital.
INTRODUCTION: Nutritional status of the patient is a key factor in determining the surgical outcomes of the patients. OBJECTIVES: In this study we aimed to identify the relationship between risk of malnutrition and surgical outcomes. Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) can be used to identify risk of malnutrition. The Clavien-dindo (CD) classification was used to report surgical complications. We also aimed to identify the relationship between factors such as age, sex and comorbidities with MUST, as well as the relationship between CD grade and site, indication, type and method of surgery. METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional prospective study over three months, between 16th february to 16th may of 2024. We chose 161 patients admitted for surgery under the department of Surgery in Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital (IGMH) using consecutive sampling, and collected data for MUST and CD grading in two phases. RESULTS: In the study sample, the risk of malnutrition was categorized to be low, medium and high in 75.2%, 11.8% and 13% respectively. No significant correlation was found between MUST category and age (p = 0.729), sex (p= 0.628) and comorbidities (p = 0.964). 55.3% participants had CD grade 1 and 36.6% had CD grade 2. Only 8% had more than CD grade 3. Significant correlation was found between indication and CD grade and indication (p = <0.001), type (p = <0.001) and method of surgery (p = 0.01) but not between site and CD grade (p = 0.091). A significant relationship was found between MUST category and CD grade. (p = 0.035). CONCLUSION: Our study is consistent with numerous studies that record malnutrition to be an important factor in post-operative recovery, highlighting the importance of nutritional screening and optimization of nutritional status.
Does context make a difference? School Leaders’ Perceptions of School Closures across the Maldives during COVID-19
Contextual features are crucial elements to consider in any decision-making process regarding a school’s teaching and learning processes. However, a lack of attention to specific contextual features is evident in educational policy decision-making. A qualitative case study across the Maldives revealed that school leaders’ primary concerns were students’ safety, completing the syllabus or curriculum, and the lack of consideration for a school’s context. The participants highlighted the importance of acknowledging the contextual realities of individual schools and involving stakeholders to make effective decisions regarding school operations. These findings have implications for educational policy decision-making, particularly under unprecedented circumstances.
Causes of Divorce in the Maldives: An In-Depth Socio-Economic Analysis
Family is regarded as the cornerstone of Maldivian society; however, recent years have seen a pronounced prevalence of divorce, which has the potential for significant social, emotional, and economic disruptions for divorced couples, their children, extended families, and social cohesion at large. Despite these profound impacts, there is limited knowledge regarding the risk factors contributing to divorce in the Maldives, which hinders the formulation of comprehensive strategies to address this issue. This study, therefore, aims to investigate and document the causes of divorce in the Maldives and evaluate the efficacy of current interventions. Utilising a qualitative research design, in-depth insights were gathered through individual interviews with key informants—men and women aged 18 to 39 who had experienced divorce in the Greater Male’ area. Employing snowball and purposive sampling, eight informants provided data covering 15 divorce cases. Thematic analysis of the interview data revealed nine primary factors contributing to divorce, including immaturity, infidelity, incompatibility, financial instability, congested living conditions, marrying for the wrong reasons, domestic violence, substance abuse, and women’s empowerment. The findings suggest that current measures to reduce divorce rates are inadequate for maintaining family unity, highlighting the implications for policy and programmes to address these issues effectively.
The Impact of Social Media Communication on Human Perception Creations: Case Study of the 2022 Mass Riot in Sri Lanka
This study was conducted in order to identify the impact of social media communication on the mass riot that happened in Sri Lanka in 2022. The primary objective of the research was to identify the factors influencing the audience’s perception of struggle. This quantitative research utilized a questionnaire method for data collection, with a sample size of 200 participants selected through random sampling. The majority of respondents were females aged between 18 and 28 from the western province. Most of the participants (74.5%) indicated daily engagement with social media information during the protest was online news, especially through Facebook posts and comments related to the events Interestingly, 66.5% of respondents expressed a neutral stance on the trustworthiness of the facts shared on Facebook, suggesting that, despite frequent use of social media, users were cautious about the credibility of its content. Further, the study focused on three key dimensions: the impact of hate messages on the audience, incitement, and online chatter. Regression analysis revealed that hate messages, incitements, and online chatter had a significant influence on mass perceptions during the riot, as indicated by a p-value of 0.00. Among these factors, incitement showed the strongest effect on perception changes, as demonstrated by the beta value. Further, it was notable that 78.2% of the sample received information primarily through Facebook compared to all other media Additionally, 59.5% of respondents expressed positive views about social media behavior during the post-crisis period in Sri Lanka. This quantitative research utilized a questionnaire method for data collection, with a sample size of 200 participants selected through random sampling.
Exploring the Nexus Between Child Unintentional Injuries and Parental Smartphone Distraction: A Narrative Review of Studies, News Reports, and Rising Cases
This review explores the impact of smartphone use on parenting practices and parental supervision. With the pervasive presence of smartphones in daily life, there is growing concern about their potential to distract parents and interrupt effective parenting. The purpose of this review is to synthesise the existing literature on how smartphone usage affects parental attention and supervision. Collected research papers and news reports have highlighted that parents’ excessive smartphone use has contributed to distracted parental supervision, uninvolved parenting, unintentional injuries, and fatalities among children. This review examines studies from various databases, focusing on information related to smartphone distraction among parents. Key findings indicate that high smartphone use is associated with reduced quality of parental interactions and inadequate supervision, leading to increased risks for children. The review concludes that while smartphones provide significant benefits, their overuse poses substantial risks to child safety and development. Future research should aim to develop strategies to mitigate these negative impacts and promote balanced smartphone use in family contexts.