Vol. 13 No. 1 (2025)

FOUNDING EDITOR
Dr. Hassan Hameed, Former Chancellor MNU

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Dr. Mariyam Shahuneeza Naseer, MNU

EDITORS
Dr. Aminath Riyaz, MNU 
Aishath Shaheen Ismail, MNU
Dr. Shuaib Rasheed, MNU

MNJR EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Aishath Shehenaz Adam, MNU
Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, MNU
Dr. Ali Fawaz Shareef, MNU
Dr. Barbara Adams, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA 
Professor Wilfredo V Alangui, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of the Philippines, Philippines
Professor Maria Cecillia Fantinato, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil 
Professor Dr. Mohd Mizan bin Mohammad Aslam, , Department of International Relations, National Defence University of Malaysia, Malaysia 
Professor Dr. Ainul Jaria Maidin, , Ahmed Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia
Associate Professor Dr. Aza Sherin Binti Mohamad Yusuf, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia
Dr. Shazla Mohamed, MNU
Dr. Nadhiya Abdulla, MNU
Associate Professor Sandra Trotman, Nova South Eastern University, Florida, USA 
Professor Dr. Muhammad Azam Khan, PMAS-ARID Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan

REVIEWERS OF THIS ISSUE
Dr. Aishath Ali, Senior Lecturer, MNU
Dr. Aishath Waheeda, DVC Academic Affairs, IUM
Ismail Azzam Wajeeh, Project Manager, MNU
Ibrahim Nasreen, Managing Direcor, PSM
Dr. Aminath Shiyama, Quality Assurance Controller, MNU
Aishath Azdha, Senior Lecturer, IUM
Dr. Abdul Muhsin Mohamed, Faculty of Engineering, Science and Technology, MNU
Rasheed Bari, National Convener, FANSA
Dr. Zeenaz Hussain, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Studies, MNU
Dr. Zakiyya Moosa, Implementation Coordinator, Maldives Polytechnic
Fathimath Nasiha Abdul Muhaimin, Head of Center, MNU
Dr. Ahmed Ali Jaleel, Visiting Lecturer, MNU 
Aminath Shazly, Senior Lecturer, MNU
Ali Shareef, Special Envoy for Climate Change, The Presidents Office
Zeenaz Fahumee, School of Nursing, MNU
Dr. Hassan Umar, Chief Inspector of Police, Maldives Police Service 
Aishath Leeza, Senior Lecturer, MNU
Aishath Sinaau, Senior Lecturer, IUM
Hawwa Wajudha, Associate Lecturer, MNU
Dr. Fathimath Muna, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Cities, Local Government and Public Works
Aishath Shaheen Ismail, Research Fellow, MNU
Dr. Fathimath Nazla Rafeeg (Independent Researcher)
Dr. Ibrahim Mohamed, Environmental Social Science and Climate Change Adaptation Expert
Michelle Ahmed (Independent Researcher)

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Mrs. Maryam Uhaamath, Research Assistant, MNU