Vol. 10 No. 1 (2022)

The Maldives National Journal of Research

A double-blind refereed journal of the Maldives National University
(c) The Maldives National Journal of Research (Print version: ISSN 2308-5959).

FOUNDING EDITOR
Dr. Hassan Hameed, MNU

EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
Dr. Mohamed Shareef, MNU 
Dr. Aishath Shehenaz Adam, MNU
Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, MNU

EDITORS
Dr. Aminath Riyaz, MNU 
Ms. Nash’aa Ahmed Naseem, MNU

MNJR EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Aminath Shafiya Adam, MNU
Dr. Barbara Adams, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA 
Ms. Ashia Leela Ahmed, MNU
Professor Wilfredo V Alangui, University of the Philippines, Philippines
Professor Maria Cecillia Fantinato, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil 
Dr. Maryam Mariya, University of Waikato
Dr. Shazla Mohamed, MNU
Dr. Hawwa Shiuna Musthafa, MNU
Dr. Fazeel Najeeb, MNU
Dr. Abdulla Nazeer, MNU
Dr. Yoosuf Nizam, MNU
Associate Professor Sandra Trotman, Nova South Eastern University, Florida, USA 
Dr. Fazeela Waheed, Consultant

REVIEWERS OF THIS ISSUE
Dr. Sarah Abdelaziz Assistant Professor,  Faculty of Engineering, Science and Technology, MNU
Dr. Ahmed Inaz, Assistant Professor, Business School, MNU
Dr.Abdul Muhsin Mohamed, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Science and Technology, MNU
Dr. Hawwa Shiuna Musthafa, Assistant Professor, Research Development Office, MNU
Dr. Mariyam Shahuneeza Naseer, Secretary General, Civil Service Commission of the Maldives
Dr. Abdulla Nazeer, Project Manager, Research Development Office, MNU
Dr. Aishath Rameela, Dean, Student Support Services, AVID College
Dr. Aishath Reesha, Dean, Kulliyyah of Education, Islamic University of Maldives 
Dr. Aishath Sanoora, Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences, MNU
Aishath Shaheen, Consultant (Management/HR/Training), Freelance
Ibrahim Thayyib, Chief Executive Officer, Family Protection Authority 
Ms. Zeenath Shakir,  Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, MNU

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Ms. Aminath Shahla, Senior Administrative Officer, MNU

Research Development Office
The Maldives National University
Radhdhebai Hin’gun, Machchangolhi,
Male’, Maldives. 
Fax: +(960) 3344091, Phone: +(960) 3345405
Email: mnjr@mnu.edu.mv