Vol. 9 No. 1 (2021)

The Maldives National Journal of Research

A double-blind refereed journal of the Maldives National University
(c) The Maldives National Journal of Research (Print version: ISSN 2308-5959).

FOUNDING EDITOR
Dr. Hassan Hameed, MNU

EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
Dr. Mohamed Shareef, MNU 
Dr. Aishath Shehenaz Adam, MNU
Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, MNU

MNJR EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Aminath Shafiya Adam, MNU
Dr. Barbara Adams, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA 
Ms. Ashia Leela Ahmed, MNU
Professor Wilfredo V Alangui, University of the Philippines, Philippines
Professor Maria Cecillia Fantinato, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil 
Ms. Rifaath Hassan, MNU
Dr. Maryam Mariya, MNU
Dr. Shazla Mohamed, MNU
Dr. Sheena Moosa, MNU
Dr. Hawwa Shiuna Musthafa, MNU
Dr. Aishath Naila, MNU
Dr. Fazeel Najeeb, MNU
Ms. Nash’aa Ahmed Naseem, MNU
Dr. Abdulla Nazeer, MNU
Dr. Yoosuf Nizam, MNU
Dr. Aminath Riyaz, MNU
Associate Professor Sandra Trotman, Nova South Eastern University, Florida, USA 
Dr. Fazeela Waheed, MNU

REVIEWERS OF THIS ISSUE
Dr. Abdulla Nazeer, Promise Project Manager,  Research Development Office, MNU
Ms. Aishath Hassan, Lecturer, Faculty of Arts 
Ms. Aminath Adheela, Program Coordinator, Dhamanaveshi
Ms. Asiya Abdul Raheem, Dietitian, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital
Uza. Fathimath Waheed, Lecturer, Faculty of Sharia’ and Law
Dr. Fazeela Waheed, Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Maldives National University
Dr. Fazeel Najeeb, Assistant Professor, Research Development Office, MNU
Mr. Ibrahim Thayyib, Chief Excutive Officer, Family Protection Authority
Ms. Mariyam Nihad, Lecturer, Faculty of Education, Villa College
Dr. Mohamed Kinaanath, Director, Office of the Rector, Villa College
Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, Director of Research, Research Development Office, MNU
Mr. Shafy Rasheed, Research Assistant, Institute for Research and Innovation, Villa College
Dr. Sheena Moosa, Research Consultant, Research Development Office,  MNU
Ms. Zeenath Shakir, Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, MNU
Ms. Zeenaz Hussain, Lecturer, Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Studies, MNU

MANUSCRIPT EDITOR
Ms. Nash’aa Ahmed Naseem, Research Associate, Research Development Office, MNU

TECHNICAL ASSITANCE
Ms. Aminath Shahla, Senior Administrative Officer, MNU

Research Development Office
The Maldives National University
Radhdhebai Hin’gun, Machchangolhi,
Male’, Maldives. 
Fax: +(960) 3344091, Phone: +(960) 3345405
Email: mnjr@mnu.edu.mv