Vol. 12 No. 1 (2024)

The Maldives National Journal of Research

A double-blind refereed journal of the Maldives National University
(c) The Maldives National Journal of Research (Print version: ISSN 2308-5959).

FOUNDING EDITOR
Dr. Hassan Hameed, Former Chancellor MNU

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Dr. Mariyam Shahuneeza Naseer, MNU

EDITORS
Dr. Aminath Riyaz, MNU 
Dr. Yoosuf Nizam, MNU

MNJR EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Aishath Shehenaz Adam, MNU
Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, MNU
Dr. Ali Fawaz Shareef, MNU
Dr. Barbara Adams, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA 
Professor Wilfredo V Alangui, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of the Philippines, Philippines
Professor Maria Cecillia Fantinato, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil 
Professor Dr. Mohd Mizan bin Mohammad Aslam, , Department of International Relations, National Defence University of Malaysia, Malaysia 
Professor Dr. Ainul Jaria Maidin, , Ahmed Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia
Associate Professor Dr. Aza Sherin Binti Mohamad Yusuf, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia
Dr. Shazla Mohamed, MNU
Dr. Nadhiya Abdulla, MNU
Associate Professor Sandra Trotman, Nova South Eastern University, Florida, USA

REVIEWERS OF THIS ISSUE
Ms. Aishath Shaheen ismail,  Research Fellow, Research Development Office, MNU
Ms. Nash’aa Ahmed Naseem, PhD Candidate, University of Auckland
Dr. Nadhiya Abdulla, Research Associate, Research Development Office, MNU
Dr. Aishath Reesha, Assistant Professor, Kulliyyah of Education, IUM
Dr. Mariyam Jenyfa, MBBS,MPH, Health Protection Agency 
Dr. Aishath Shanoora, Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences, MNU
Mr. Ibrahim Thayyib, Former Chief Executive Officer, Family Protection Authority
Dr. Mohamed Iyaz, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Sharia and Law , MNU
Mr. Nimaal Mohamed, Dean, Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge & Human Science , IUM

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Ms. Aminath Habiyya, Senior Administrative Officer, MNU