Vol. 10 No. 2 (2022)

The Maldives National Journal of Research

A double-blind refereed journal of the Maldives National University
(c) The Maldives National Journal of Research (Print version: ISSN 2308-5959).

FOUNDING EDITOR
Dr. Hassan Hameed, MNU

EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
Dr. Mohamed Shareef, MNU 
Dr. Aishath Shehenaz Adam, MNU
Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem, MNU

EDITORS
Dr. Aminath Riyaz, MNU 
Ms. Nash’aa Ahmed Naseem, MNU
Dr. Mariyam Shahuneeza Naseer, Civil Service Commission

MNJR EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Aminath Shafiya Adam, MNU
Dr. Barbara Adams, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA 
Ms. Ashia Leela Ahmed, MNU
Professor Wilfredo V Alangui, University of the Philippines, Philippines
Professor Maria Cecillia Fantinato, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil 
Dr. Maryam Mariya, University of Waikato
Dr. Shazla Mohamed, MNU
Dr. Hawwa Shiuna Musthafa, MNU
Dr. Fazeel Najeeb, MNU
Dr. Abdulla Nazeer, MNU
Dr. Yoosuf Nizam, MNU
Associate Professor Sandra Trotman, Nova South Eastern University, Florida, USA 
Dr. Fazeela Waheed, Consultant

REVIEWERS OF THIS ISSUE
Dr. Abdul Hannan Waheed, Chief Executive Officer, Maldives Qualifications Authority
Uz Ahmed Falah, Legal Officer, Utility Regulatory Authority
Ms. Aminath Haifa, Lecturer, Faculty of Sharia and Law, MNU
Ms. Asiya Abdul Raheem, Dietitian, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital 
Ms. Fathimath Azza, Director General, Ministry of Education  
Ms. Fathimath Nasiha Abdul Muhaimin, Head of Center,Centre for Foundation Studies, MNU
Dr. Fazeel Najeeb, Assistant Professor, Research Development Office, MNU
Ms. Mariyam Sidhmeen, Director, Ministry of Gender, Family and Social Services 
Dr. Shazla Mohamed, Senior Scientist, Research Development Office, MNU
Dr. Razana Faiz, Assistant Professor, School of Medicine, MNU
Ms. Zeenath Shakir, Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, MNU

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Ms. Aminath Shahla, Senior Administrative Officer, MNU

Research Development Office
The Maldives National University
Radhdhebai Hin’gun, Machchangolhi,
Male’, Maldives. 
Fax: +(960) 3344091, Phone: +(960) 3345405
Email: mnjr@mnu.edu.mv